. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Aging Ment Health. 2016 Aug 2;21(11):1155–1163. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1209735

Table 3.

Logistic Regressions Predicting ADL in Wave 4 by Sleep Disturbance

	Model 1 OR (CI)	Model 2 OR (CI)	Model 3 OR (CI)	Model 4 OR (CI)	Model 5 OR (CI)
Sleep disturbance (Reference: No disturbance)
At W1 only	1.32 (1.07–1.61)^b	1.30 (1.06–1.60)^b	1.29 (1.04–1.59)^a	1.10 (0.88–1.36)	1.01 (0.88–1.28)
At W2 only	1.46 (1.20–1.77)^c	1.45 (1.20–1.77)^c	1.43 (1.17–1.76)^c	1.21 (0.98–1.49)	1.09 (0.87–1.36)
Chronic	2.16 (1.85–2.52)^c	2.16 (1.85–2.52)^c	2.03 (1.72–2.40)^c	1.57 (1.32–1.86)^c	1.33 (1.11–1.60)^b
Geographic region (Reference: Not Mediterranean)
Mediterranean		1.25 (1.08–1.45)^b	0.94 (0.79–1.12)	0.81 (0.68–0.97)^a	0.87 (0.72–1.05)
Age (Reference: 50–59)
60–69			1.63 (1.32–2.02)^c	1.68 (1.36–2.08)^c	1.63 (1.31–2.04)^c
70+			4.24 (3.41–5.27)^c	4.20 (3.37–5.24)^c	3.71 (2.94–4.69)^c
Gender (Reference: Men)
Women			0.96 (0.82–1.11)	0.87 (0.74–1.01)	0.84 (0.72–0.99)^a
Education (Reference: Primary education or below)
Lower to upper secondary education			0.97 (0.82–1.14)	1.00 (0.85–1.18)	1.03 (0.86–1.24)
Post-secondary education or above			0.73 (0.57–0.92)^b	0.75 (0.59–0.95)^a	0.80 (0.62–1.02)
Marital status (Reference: Not married)
Married			0.63 (0.54–0.74)^c	0.66 (0.56–0.77)^c	0.67 (0.56–0.79)^c
Household income (Reference: Low tertile)
Middle tertile			0.93 (0.78–1.10)	0.94 (0.79–1.12)	0.93 (0.78–1.12)
High tertile			0.99 (0.82–1.19)	1.04 (0.86–1.26)	1.05 (0.86–1.28)
Working status (Reference: Working)
Not working			0.96 (0.80–1.13)	0.91 (0.76–1.08)	0.91 (0.76–1.09)
Cognitive functioning (Reference: Low tertile)
Middle tertile			0.63 (0.53–0.74)^c	0.65 (0.55–0.77)^c	0.76 (0.63–0.91)^b
High tertile			0.56 (0.46–0.69)^c	0.59 (0.48–0.73)^c	0.68 (0.55–0.85)^b
Physical symptoms W1 (Reference: No symptoms)
One or more symptoms				2.35 (1.97–2.80)^c	1.85 (1.54–2.22)^c
Quality of life W2 (Reference: At or above median)
Below median				1.90 (1.61–2.23)^c	1.59 (1.34–1.88)^c
ADL W1 (Reference: No difficulties)
One or more difficulties					3.75 (3.05–4.60)^c
ADL W2 (Reference: No difficulties)
One or more difficulties					4.18 (3.44–5.09)^c
Nagelkerke R²	0.02	0.02	0.14	0.18	0.28

Note. N = 8600. Table presents odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in parentheses. ADL = difficulties in activities of daily living. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for geographic region. Model 3: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics and cognitive functioning. Model 4: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics, cognitive functioning and baseline of non-regressed outcomes. Model 5: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics, cognitive functioning, baseline of non-regressed outcomes and W1 and W2 levels of regressed outcomes.

p < .05.

p < .01.

p < .0001.