. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Nov 1.

Published in final edited form as: Aging Ment Health. 2016 Aug 2;21(11):1155–1163. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1209735

Table 4.

Logistic Regressions Predicting Quality of Life in Wave 4 by Sleep Disturbance

	Model 1 OR (CI)	Model 2 OR (CI)	Model 3 OR (CI)	Model 4 OR (CI)	Model 5 OR (CI)
Sleep disturbance (Reference: No disturbance)
At W1 only	1.53 (1.33–1.75)^c	1.49 (1.30–1.72)^c	1.48 (1.28–1.71)^c	1.39 (1.20–1.61)^c	1.25 (1.07–1.46)^b
At W2 only	1.63 (1.42–1.87)^c	1.66 (1.44–1.91)^c	1.62 (1.40–1.87)^c	1.51 (1.31–1.75)^c	1.21 (1.03–1.41)^a
Chronic	2.36 (2.09–2.66)^c	2.44 (2.16–2.76)^c	2.31 (2.03–2.62)^c	2.04 (1.79–2.33)^c	1.53 (1.33–1.76)^c
Geographic region (Reference: Not Mediterranean)
Mediterranean		4.10 (3.63–4.62)^c	3.19 (2.78–3.65)^c	3.23 (2.81–3.70)^c	2.47 (2.13–2.86)^c
Age (Reference: 50–59)
60–69			0.95 (0.84–1.08)	0.95 (0.83–1.08)	0.99 (0.87–1.14)
70+			1.34 (1.15–1.57)^c	1.29 (1.11–1.51)^b	1.29 (1.09–1.52)^b
Gender (Reference: Men)
Women			1.08 (0.98–1.19)	1.03 (0.94–1.14)	1.02 (0.92–1.14)
Education (Reference: Primary education or below)
Lower to upper secondary education			0.86 (0.76–0.98)	0.87 (0.77–0.99)^a	0.92 (0.81–1.05)
Post-secondary education or above			0.76 (0.66–0.89)^b	0.79 (0.68–0.92)^b	0.83 (0.71–0.98)^a
Marital status (Reference: Not married)
Married			0.95 (0.85–1.07)	0.97 (0.87–1.09)	1.09 (0.96–1.23)
Household income (Reference: Low tertile)
Middle tertile			0.89 (0.79–1.00)	0.88 (0.78–1.00)	0.96 (0.84–1.10)
High tertile			0.74 (0.65–0.84)^c	0.74 (0.65–0.84)^c	0.84 (0.73–0.97)^a
Working status (Reference: Working)
Not working			1.22 (1.08–1.38)^b	1.19 (1.05–1.35)^b	1.21 (1.06–1.38)^b
Cognitive functioning (Reference: Low tertile)
Middle tertile			0.76 (0.67–0.86)^c	0.78 (0.68–0.88)^c	0.84 (0.73–0.97)^a
High tertile			0.69 (0.60–0.79)^c	0.70 (0.61–0.81)^c	0.77 (0.67–0.90)^b
Physical symptoms W1 (Reference: No symptoms)
One or more symptoms				1.58 (1.43–1.74)^c	1.35 (1.21–1.50)^c
ADL W1 (Reference: No difficulties)
One or more difficulties				1.74 (1.42–2.14)^c	1.59 (1.28–1.98)^c
Quality of life W2 (Reference: At or above median)
Below median					5.10 (4.60–5.65)^c
Nagelkerke R²	0.03	0.12	0.16	0.18	0.31

Note. N = 8383. Table presents odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) in parentheses. ADL = difficulties in activities of daily living. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for geographic region. Model 3: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics and cognitive functioning. Model 4: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics, cognitive functioning and baseline of non-regressed outcomes. Model 5: adjusted for geographic region, background characteristics, cognitive functioning, baseline of non-regressed outcomes and W1 and W2 levels of regressed outcomes.

p < .05.

p < .01.

p < .0001.