Table 3.
Distribution of specific gravity normalized urinary phenol biomarker concentrations in 477 paternal preconception, 1370 maternal preconception, and 796 maternal prenatal urine samples from 346 mothers and 184 fathers from the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study participants.
| Metabolite | Sample Size (N) |
LOD (ng/ml) |
% Detect | SG-Adjusted GM (GSD)b |
SG-Adjusted Median ng/ml |
IQR 25th – 75th ng/ml |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paternal Preconception | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Benzophenone-3 | 101 | 0.2 | 100 | 60.3 (7.5) | 62.5 | 28.1 – 118.2 |
| Triclosan | 101 | 1.0 | 72 | 21.2 (3.8) | 23.3 | 4.7 – 81.6 |
| Butylparaben | 184 | 0.1 | 20 | 0.32 (0.03) | 0.22 | 0.12 – 0.53 |
| Propylparaben | 184 | 0.1 | 80 | 3.1 (0.42) | 2.2 | 0.69 – 10.8 |
| Methylparaben | 184 | 1.0 | 98 | 28.4 (2.7) | 24.1 | 10.5 – 61.2 |
| Ethylparaben | 37 | 1.0 | 27 | 1.9 (0.35) | 1.6 | 0.69 – 3.4 |
| ΣParabens1 | – | – | – | 33.9 (0.02) | 28.8 | 11.6 – 77.3 |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal Preconception | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Benzophenone-3 | 205 | 0.2 | 100 | 173 (18.4) | 150.2 | 63.7 – 451 |
| Triclosan | 205 | 1.0 | 64 | 17.6 (2.2) | 11.9 | 4.7 – 50.8 |
| Butylparaben | 330 | 0.1 | 50 | 1.2 (0.12) | 1.01 | 0.26 – 5.3 |
| Propylparaben | 330 | 0.1 | 95 | 26.4 (2.2) | 32.2 | 10.2 – 77.9 |
| Methylparaben | 330 | 1.0 | 98 | 129.8 (8.6) | 143 | 59.0 – 298 |
| Ethylparaben | 90 | 1.0 | 46 | 6.8 (1.2) | 5.0 | 2.0 – 25.5 |
| ΣParabens | – | – | – | 165 (11.0) | 185 | 79.2 – 387 |
|
| ||||||
| Maternal Prenatal | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Benzophenone-3 | 213 | 0.2 | 99 | 145.9 (15.4) | 137.6 | 55.0 – 377 |
| Triclosan | 213 | 1.0 | 69 | 12.2 (1.4) | 9.7 | 3.6 – 33.1 |
| Butylparaben | 314 | 0.1 | 45 | 0.73 (0.07) | 0.59 | 0.20 – 2.1 |
| Propylparaben | 314 | 0.1 | 96 | 17.1 (1.6) | 21.7 | 6.0 – 54.1 |
| Methylparaben | 314 | 1.0 | 99 | 95.7 (7.2) | 109 | 37.8 – 247 |
| Ethylparaben | 107 | 1.0 | 36 | 3.0 (0.47) | 2.0 | 0.92 – 4.5 |
| ΣParabens | – | – | – | 119 (9.0) | 137 | 45.5 – 309 |
Abbreviations: Percent detect (% detect); number of urinary samples (N); Limit of Detection (LOD); specific gravity (SG); geometric mean (GM); geometric standard deviation (GSD); interquartile range (IQR); 25th percentile (25th); 75th percentile (75th).
ΣParabens: the molar sum of parabens was estimated by dividing each concentration by its molecular weight and then summing: ΣParabens= [(Butylparaben*(1/194.23)) + (Methylparaben*(1/152.15)) + (Propylparaben*(1/180.20)) + (Ethylparaben*(1/166.18))].