Table 2.
Function of chromatin remodeling factors during cortical neurogenesis.
| Subunit | Mutant | Cofactor/target | Phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BAF (mSWI/SNF) COMPLEX | ||||
| BAF190a/BRG1 | BRGfl/fl; Nestin-Cre | Defect in self-renewal and maintenance of murine NPCs | Matsumoto et al., 2006; Lessard et al., 2007; Zhan et al., 2011; Ninkovic et al., 2013 | |
| BRM | BRM−/− | Hdac2, No | Impaired radial migration | Nott et al., 2013 |
| BAF170 | BAF170f/f; Emx1-Cre | Pax6 | Increased genesis of IPs, enhanced cortical volume, surface area and thickness | Tuoc et al., 2013a |
| BAF170OE | Pax6 | Decreased genesis of IPs, diminished cortical volume, surface area and thickness | Tuoc et al., 2013a | |
| BAF155 | BAF155−/− | Pax6 | Abnormal proliferation and differentiation in heterozygotes | Kim et al., 2001 |
| BAF155 BAF170 | BAF155f/f, BAF170f/f (dcKO); FoxG1-Cre | Pax6, Kdm6a/b | Telencephalon is not specified | Narayanan et al., 2015 |
| BAF155f/f, BAF170f/f (dcKO); Emx1-Cre | Drastic reduction in cortical thickness | Narayanan et al., 2015 | ||
| BAF100a | CTIP1fl/fl; Emx1-Cre; Nex1-Cre | Specification of subcerebral PNs, reduced Tbr1 and Ctip2 expression, disrupted cortical PN pathfinding | Woodworth et al., 2016 | |
| Bcl11afl/fl; Emx1-Cre; Nex-Cre | Sema3c | Impaired radial migration due to defective multipolar to bipolar morphology, cell accumulation in IZ transition; dysplasia of upper cortical layers | Wiegreffe et al., 2015 | |
| BAF100b | CTIP2−/− | Specification of subcerebral PNs | Arlotta et al., 2005, 2008 | |
| BAF55a/ SS18 | SS18−/−,SS18kd | Defect in closure of neural tube, NPC proliferation, dendritic outgrowth | de Bruijn et al., 2006; Staahl et al., 2013 | |
| BAF55b/CREST | CREST−/− | Defects in dendrite development | Aizawa et al., 2004; Qiu and Ghosh, 2008 | |
| BAF53a | BAF53akd | Impaired neural stem/progenitor proliferation | Lessard et al., 2007 | |
| BAF53b | BAF53b−/− | Defects in dendrite development | Wu et al., 2007 | |
| BAF45a | BAF45akd | Impaired neural stem/progenitor proliferation | Lessard et al., 2007 | |
| BAF45aOE | Extended proliferative phase of cortical neural stem/progenitor cells | Lessard et al., 2007 | ||
| ISWI COMPLEX | ||||
| CECR2 | CECR2−/− | Neural tube defects | Banting et al., 2005 | |
| SNF2H | SNF2H−/− | NPC proliferation and differentiation | Alvarez-Saavedra et al., 2014 | |
| SNF2L | SNF2L−/− | FoxG1 | Increased cortical progenitor proliferation, more IPs, bigger brain | Yip et al., 2012 |
| NuRD/CHD COMPLEX | ||||
| CHD3 | CHD3kd | Impaired neuronal migration, cell accumulation in lower CP | Nitarska et al., 2016 | |
| CHD4 | CHD4fl/fl; Nestin-Cre | Reduced proliferation of NPCs, increased apoptosis of NPCs, decreased IPs | Nitarska et al., 2016 | |
| CHD5 | CHD5kd | Impaired neuronal migration, cell accumulation in IZ | Nitarska et al., 2016 | |
| H3K27me3 | Accumulation of undifferentiated BPs | Egan et al., 2013 | ||
| CHD8 | CHD8kd | β-catenin | Reduction in NPC self-renewal | Durak et al., 2016 |
| CHD8+/del5 | Increased NPC proliferation | Gompers et al., 2017 | ||
| HDAC1 | SATB2−/− | Ctip2, Ski1 | Specifying the upper layer callosal projection neuron fate over subcerebral projection neuron fate | Alcamo et al., 2008; Britanova et al., 2008 |
| SKI−/− | Ctip2, Satb2, Ski1 | Specifying upper layer callosal projection neuron fate over subcerebral projection neuron | Baranek et al., 2012 | |
| HDAC2 | HDAC2kd | Bdnf, No | Neuronal dendritic growth and branching | Nott et al., 2008 |
| HDAC2−/− | Protein kinase C, delta | Reduced proliferation of neural progenitors, precocious neuronal differentiation | Hagelkruys et al., 2014 | |
| LSD1, HDAC2, RBBP4 | LHX2fl/fl; Emx1 Cre | Lhx2 | Specifying layer 5 Fezf2 and CTIP2-expressing neurons | Muralidharan et al., 2017 |
| MBD3 | MBD3fl/fl; Nestin-Cre | Smek | Reduced Tbr2+ IPs, reduced cortical thickness, defects in the proper specification of cortical PN subtypes | Knock et al., 2015; Moon et al., 2017 |
| INO80 COMPLEX | ||||
| TRRAP | TRRAPfl/fl; Nestin-Cre | E2f | Reduced apical NPC proliferation, premature production of IPs and neurons | Tapias et al., 2014 |
| MRG15 | MRG15−/− | p21 | Decline in neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation | Chen et al., 2009, 2011 |
NPC, neural progenitor cell; BPs, basal progenitors; IPs, intermediate progenitors; CP, cortical plate; kd, knock-down; del, deletion; dcKO, double conditional knockout, PN, projection neuron.