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. 2018 Apr 9;12:216. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00216

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Copyright © 2018 Jaglin, Rhimi, Philippe, Pons, Bruneau, Goustard, Daugé, Maguin, Naudon and Rabot.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flow diagram of the experimental design employed in the gnotobiotic rats. (A) A first series of rats was subjected to an investigation of social behavior (social interaction test) and anxiety-like behavior (elevated plus maze and open-field tests). (B) As differences occurred in the anxiety-like behavior of the (A) rats, further behavioral analyses were carried out in a second series of rats: confirmation of the anxiety-like behavior through a novelty test, exploration of memory (object recognition task) and of despair behavior (tail suspension test). The eye blinking frequency was also measured in these rats. All rats were aged 2.5–3 months when the behavioral tests started (Day 1).