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. 2018 Apr 9;8:108. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00108

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Copyright © 2018 Watkins, Andrews, Wynn, Barisch, King and Johnston.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Cryptococcus neoformans is constitutively exocytosed from Dictyostelium discoideum amoeba. (A–C) Example exocytosis of (A) 4.5 um green fluorescent latex beads (images start at 40 min after phagocytosis) (B) heat killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (images start at 60 min after phagocytosis) and (C) C. neoformans strain Kn99mCherry from wild type D. discoideum strain Ax2 (images start at 60 min after phagocytosis). Time 0 s indicates point of exocytosis. Scale bars 5 μm. (D–F) Frequency histograms of combined transit times measured from three independent 12 h time lapses. (D) Latex beads 126 transit times. (E) Heat killed S. cerevisiae 66 transit times. (F) C. neoformans 57 transit times. (G) Comparison of transit times for latex beads, heat killed S. cerevisiae and C. neoformans. (H) Quantification of phagocytic events for live, heat killed and UV killed cryptococci in Ax2 and WASH null cells. P-values are Mann-Whitney test.