Table 1. Complications reported in the literature.

Author	Type of study	Sample size (patients)	Complications reported (N = patients)	Follow-up (months)
Mayer (5) 1997	Prospective	20	NR	10.4
Kaiser et al., (33) 2002	Retrospective	51	Iliac vein laceration =2, dural tea r=1, transient ileus =5, retroperitoneal hematoma =1, worsening radiculopathy =1, urinary tract infection =1, wound infection =1, retrograde ejaculation =17	NR
Saraph et al., (38) 2004	Retrospective	23	Vascular injuries =2, paralytic ileus =2, superficial wound infection =1, sympathetic dysfunction =2, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury =1	66
Patel et al., (39) 2010	Retrospective	23	Lateral wall denervation =1, sympathectomy effect =1, transient intercostal neuralgia =1, transient male sexual dysfunction =1, symptomatic pseudarthrosis =1	56.4
Silvestre et al., (1) 2012	Retrospective	179	Incisional pain =4, sympathetic chain injury =3, neurological deficit =2, Iliac vein laceration =1, Iliac vein laceration and bilateral deep venous thrombosis =1, Iliolumbar vein laceration =1, peritoneal laceration =1, postoperative peripheral ischemia in lower extremities =1, transient psoas paresis =1, transient groin numbness =1, pseudarthrosis =1, minor complications =3	11.2
Hynes (40) 2014	Retrospective	186	Groin and anterior thigh numbness =30, psoas weakness =12, vascular injury =2	14
Fujibayashi et al., (32) 2015	Prospective	28	Hip flexor weakness =2, thigh pain/numbness =6, resolved 3 months after surgery	15
Ohtori et al., (37) 2015	Prospective	35	Cage subsidence =1, quadriceps weakness =1, thigh pain =1, thigh numbness =3, segmental artery injury =1	7
Ohtori et al., (7) 2015	Prospective	12	Cage subsidence =1, thigh pain =1, thigh numbness =2	14.5
Molloy et al., (41) 2016	Prospective	64	Transient motor electrophysiology deficits =3, revision procedure =3, wound complications =2, CSF leak =4, ileus =8, pulmonary embolism =3, catheter =3	21.6
Kim et al., (34) 2016	Prospective	29	Cage subsidence =8/37 levels, lumbar plexopathy =4, sympathetic chain injury =4	24
Gragnaniello et al., (42) 2016	NR	21	Weakness of hip flexion =2, EHL weakness =1, lateral cutaneous nerve palsy =2, sympathetic chain symptoms =1, psoas abscess =1	8.57
Mehren et al., (11) 2016	Retrospective	812	Infection =5, hematoma =11, paralytic ileus =2, iliac vein injury =2, aortic injury =1, irritation of the ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerve =1, irritation of the lumbar plexus =2	NR
Sato et al., (43) 2017	Prospective	20	Cage subsidence =2, thigh pain =1, thigh numbness =1, segmental artery injury =1	12
Woods et al., (9) 2017*	Retrospective	137	Cage subsidence =4.4, postoperative ileus =2.9, vascular injury =2.9, blood transfusion =1.5, retrograde ejaculation =0.7, superior mesenteric arterial syndrome =0.7	6
Jin et al., (6) 2017	Retrospective	21	Leg paresthesia =2, local hematoma =1, abdominal ileus =4	NR
Abe et al., (10) 2017	Retrospective	155	Spinal nerve injury =1, cauda equina injury =1, transient thigh pain/numbness, psoas weakness =21, endplate injury =29, segmental artery damage =4, other vessels =2, ureteral injury =1, pleural laceration =2, peritoneal laceration =3, breakage of the LIF cage =2, surgical instrument failure =2, surgical site infection =3, reoperation =3, postoperative death =1	NR
Fujibayashi et al., (12) 2017	Retrospective	1003	Sensory nerve injury =35, psoas weakness =30, vertebral body fracture =22, motor nerve injury =10, anterior longitudinal ligament rupture =6, surgical site infection =4, pleural laceration =5, segmental artery injury =7, peritoneum laceration =8, cage malpositioning =3, retroperitoneal hematoma =3, ureteral injury =3, abdominal wall hernia =2, ileus =1, major vascular injury =1, posterior conversion =1	NR
Chang et al., (35) 2017	Case report	1	Ventral dural injury =1	24
Lee et al., (36) 2017	Case report	1	Ureter injury =1	2

*, complications reported as (%). NR, not reported; EHL, extensor halluces longus muscle; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.