Table S3. Surgical technique and outcomes data from 174 individual case reports.
| References | Age (years) | Sex | Bronchoscopic therapy | Surgical therapy | Other therapy | 30-day complications | Survival | Follow-up time (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (23) | 49 | F | – | Window, non-vascularised composite nasal septal graft, re-resection cricoid for positive margin | XRT | None | Alive | 24 |
| (23) | 62 | M | – | Window, non-vascularised composite nasal septal graft + completion thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Wound subcutaneous emphysema | Alive | 18 |
| (23) | 55 | F | – | Window, non-vascularised composite nasal septal graft | XRT | None | Alive | 24 |
| (9) | 17 | F | – | Window, myoperichondrial flap + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 96 |
| (9) | 30 | F | – | Window, myoperichondrial flap + total thyroidectomy, LND | – | – | Alive | 50 |
| (9) | 35 | M | – | Window, myoperichondrial flap + subtotal thyroidectomy, LND | – | None | Alive | 72 |
| (8) | 79 | F | – | Wedge | – | None | Dead | 108 |
| (110) | 76 | M | – | Tracheostomy | XRT | None | Alive | 28 |
| (8) | 59 | M | – | Total thyroidectomy, partial laryngectomy | – | Air leak | Alive | 44 |
| (14) | 62 | F | – | Total thyroidectomy | Chemo, XRT | – | Alive | 21.6 |
| (10) | – | – | – | Thyroidectomy, tracheostomy (refused tracheal surgery) | – | – | Dead | 1.5 |
| (104) | 61 | M | – | Thoracotomy, open endotracheal mass removal and anterior mediastinal mass removal | – | None | – | – |
| (19) | 65 | F | – | Tangential tracheal resection, spiral tracheoplasty | – | None | – | – |
| (20) | 75 | M | – | Shave | – | – | Alive | 113 |
| (114) | 66 | F | – | Shave | – | – | – | – |
| (10) | 74 | M | – | Resection, tracheostomy + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Decannulated | Dead | 47 |
| (10) | 82 | M | – | Resection, tracheostomy + total thyroidectomy, LND | – | Decannulated | Dead | 24 |
| (152) | 72 | M | – | Resection, myocutaneous flap, free costal cartilage graft | – | – | – | – |
| (8) | 68 | M | – | Resection, cutaneous tube + total thyroidectomy | Revision stoma | Dead | 24 | |
| (8) | 17 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Vocal cord paralysis | Alive | 75 |
| (11) | 54 | M | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 183 |
| (11) | 58 | M | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 179 |
| (11) | 35 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 155 |
| (11) | 50 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 41 |
| (11) | 22 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 14 |
| (11) | 68 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | None | Alive | 71 |
| (11) | 50 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Anastomotic leak | Alive | 48 |
| (11) | 78 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Anastomotic recurrence, airway obstruction requiring tracheostomy | Alive | 39 |
| (9) | 50 | M | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy + laryngectomy | – | Permanent tracheostomy for stenotic anastomosis | Alive | 60 |
| (9) | 65 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy + laryngectomy | – | Permanent tracheostomy | Alive | 60 |
| (9) | 77 | M | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy + laryngectomy | – | None | Dead | 12 |
| (8) | 69 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | XRT | None | Dead | 20 |
| (8) | 54 | F | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | – | Dehiscence, death | Dead | – |
| (8) | 39 | M | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | – | None | Alive | 105 |
| (10) | – | – | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | – | – | Alive | 2 |
| (10) | – | – | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | – | – | Alive | 14 |
| (10) | – | – | – | Resection + total thyroidectomy | – | – | Alive | 75 |
| (8) | 50 | M | – | Resection + thyroidectomy | RAI | None | Alive | 23 |
| (8) | 66 | F | – | Resection + thyroidectomy | RAI | None | Alive | 21 |
| (24) | 48 | F | – | Resection + thyroidectomy | RAI | None | – | – |
| (24) | 42 | M | – | Resection + thyroidectomy | RAI | None | – | – |
| (106) | 59 | F | – | Resection + thymectomy, LND | XRT | – | Alive | 8 |
| (111) | 66 | F | – | Resection + residual thyroidectomy + laryngectomy | – | Permanent tracheostomy | Alive | 84 |
| (108) | 79 | F | Laser | Resection + partial thyroidectomy | – | None | Alive | 24 |
| (8) | 34 | M | – | Resection + partial thyroidectomy | XRT | None | Dead | 20 |
| (8) | 67 | M | Laser | Resection + partial laryngectomy | – | None | Alive | 28 |
| (8) | 36 | M | – | Resection + partial laryngectomy | XRT | None | Alive | 74 |
| (8) | 67 | M | – | Resection + laryngectomy | – | Respiratory failure, pulmonary emboli, atrial fibrillation | – | – |
| (68) | 87 | M | – | Resection (thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, rings 1–3) + partial thyroidectomy, LND | XRT | Vocal cord paralysis | Dead | 11 |
| (21) | 46 | M | – | Resection (rings 2–4) + total thyroidectomy | RAI | – | Alive | 24 |
| (21) | 67 | M | – | Resection (rings 2–3) + thyroidectomy, LND | RAI | Bleeding requiring reintervention, prolonged intubation, readmission for air leak | Dead | 30 |
| (21) | 67 | F | – | Resection (rings 2–3) | – | Postoperative bleeding (12.5%), air leak (25%), transient hypoPTH (37.5%) | Alive | 67 |
| (21) | 63 | F | – | Resection (rings 1–4) | – | – | Alive | 70 |
| (21) | 61 | F | – | Resection (rings 1–4) | – | – | Alive | 22 |
| (21) | 31 | M | – | Resection (rings 1–3) | – | – | Alive | 10 |
| (21) | 68 | M | – | Resection (rings 1–2) | – | – | Alive | 3 |
| (21) | 33 | M | – | Resection (rings 1–4) | – | Air leak | Alive | 25 |
| (93) | 59 | F | – | Resection (cricoid to 3rd tracheal ring) + total thyroidectomy + total parathyroidectomy, LND | – | None | Alive | 26 |
| (17) | 61 | F | Laser, endoscopic resection | Resection (8 rings) + total laryngectomy | – | None | Alive | 17 |
| (153) | 52 | M | – | Resection (8 cm), fasciocutaneous flap with autologous cartilage struts | RAI | ARDS | Alive | 75 |
| (154) | 34 | M | – | Resection (7 cm), LND, forearm flap | – | None | Alive | 24 |
| (22) | 53 | M | Laser | Resection (6 cm) | XRT | Anastomotic stenosis | Alive | 20 |
| (22) | 50 | F | – | Resection (5 cm), myocutaneous flap, T tube | RAI, XRT | Esophageal fistula, anastomotic dehiscence | Alive | 6 |
| (22) | 68 | M | – | Resection (5 cm) | RAI | None | Alive | 30 |
| (115) | 90 | F | – | Resection (4 rings) + partial thyroidectomy, LND | – | None | Alive | 22 |
| (22) | 55 | F | – | Resection (4 cm) | XRT | None | Alive | 23 |
| (22) | 32 | M | – | Resection (4 cm) | XRT | None | Alive | 55 |
| (22) | 42 | F | – | Resection (4 cm) | XRT | None | Alive | 30 |
| (22) | 65 | F | – | Resection (4 cm) | XRT | Bilateral RLN paralysis, anastomotic dehiscence | Alive | 6 |
| (22) | 49 | M | – | Resection (4 cm) | RAI | None | Alive | 6 |
| (22) | 49 | F | – | Resection (4 cm) | – | None | Alive | 15 |
| (22) | 62 | M | – | Resection (3.5 cm) | XRT | None | Alive | 9 |
| (22) | 69 | M | – | Resection (3 cm) | RAI | None | Alive | 19 |
| (22) | 67 | M | – | Resection (3 cm) | – | Dysphagia, esophageal fistula | Dead | 3 |
| (22) | 48 | F | – | Resection (3 cm) | – | None | Alive | 11 |
| (22) | 68 | F | – | Resection (2.5 cm) | RAI | None | Alive | 26 |
| (22) | 30 | F | – | Resection (2.5 cm) | RAI | None | Alive | 2 |
| (22) | 56 | M | – | Resection (2.5 cm) | – | None | Alive | 29 |
| (22) | 61 | F | Laser | Resection (2 cm) | RAI | Bilateral RLN paralysis | Alive | 33 |
| (22) | 51 | F | – | Resection (2 cm) | – | None | Alive | 31 |
| (22) | 71 | F | – | Resection (2 cm) | – | None | Alive | 29 |
| (155) | – | – | – | Resection | XRT | – | Alive | 36 |
| (8) | 63 | M | – | Resection | – | Granuloma at suture line | Dead | 80 |
| (8) | 73 | F | – | Resection | – | None | Alive | 1 |
| (20) | 48 | F | – | Resection | – | – | Alive | 38 |
| (20) | 70 | F | – | Resection | – | – | Alive | 34 |
| (92) | 77 | M | – | Resection | – | – | – | – |
| (13) | 53 | M | – | Resection | – | – | Alive | 16 |
| (84) | 40 | M | – | Parathyroidectomy, thyroidectomy | XRT | None | Alive | 132 |
| (107) | 10 | M | – | None | – | – | Dead | 0.07 |
| (46) | 44 | F | – | Laryngomicrosurgery | Chemo XRT | – | – | – |
| (17) | 53 | F | Laser, endoscopic resection | Exenteration | – | None | Dead | 6 |
| (10) | 66 | F | – | Exenteration | XRT | Not decannulated | Alive | 11 |
| (10) | 66 | F | – | Exenteration | XRT | Decannulated | Alive | 114 |
| (8) | 55 | M | – | Exenteration | XRT | None | Dead | 31 |
| (15) | 67 | M | – | Exenteration | chemo | R subclavian vein thrombosis | Alive | 8 |
| (120) | 65 | M | – | Exenteration | – | None | Alive | 36 |
| (8) | 49 | M | – | Exenteration | – | Transient hemiplegia, stomal separation | Dead | 23 |
| (8) | 65 | F | – | Exenteration | – | Dysphagia | Alive | 20 |
| (8) | 62 | M | – | Exenteration | – | Stomal stenosis | Alive | 24 |
| (8) | 78 | F | – | Exenteration | – | Dysphagia | Alive | 21 |
| (112) | 55 | F | – | Exenteration | – | Tracheal dehiscence 2 months postop, treated with antibiotics | – | – |
| (8) | 69 | M | – | Exenteration | – | None | Alive | 6 |
| (8) | 69 | F | – | Exenteration | – | Duodenal ulcer perforation, esophageal leak, death | Dead | – |
| (56) | 52 | M | – | Exenteration | – | Wound infection, ileus | Dead | 6 |
| (15) | 57 | M | – | Exenteration | – | None | Dead | 4 |
| (19) | 65 | M | – | Exenteration | – | – | – | – |
| (54) | 56 | M | Laser, stent | Esophagectomy | Chemo XRT | None | Alive | 18 |
| (14) | 49 | M | – | Debulking thyroidectomy | – | – | Alive | 30 |
| (113) | 67 | M | Photodynamic therapy | Debulking | RAI | None | Alive | 12 |
| (14) | 43 | M | – | Debulking | XRT | – | Alive | 72 |
| (43) | 47 | M | – | Debulking | – | – | Alive | 66 |
| (90) | 59 | M | – | Bilateral orchiectomy | – | None | Alive | 12 |
| (52) | 69 | M | Stent | – | XRT | None | Dead | 8 |
| (57) | 75 | F | Stent | – | – | None | Dead | 4 |
| (62) | 41 | M | Laser, XRT via tracheotomy | – | – | None | Alive | 12 |
| (12) | 40 | M | Laser, stent | – | XRT | None | Alive | 1.8 |
| (38) | 80 | M | Laser, stent | – | XRT | – | Alive | 3 |
| (61) | 50 | F | Laser, stent | – | Chemo XRT | None | Dead | 30 |
| (41) | 71 | F | Laser, stent | – | Chemo | None | Dead | 6 |
| (20) | 58 | F | Laser, stent | – | – | – | Dead | 8 |
| (12) | 65 | F | Laser, stent | – | – | None | Dead | 1.7 |
| (12) | 65 | M | Laser, stent | – | – | None | Dead | 0.73 |
| (12) | 69 | F | Laser, stent | – | – | None | Alive | 1.13 |
| (17) | 52 | M | Laser, endoscopic resection | – | – | None | Alive | 78 |
| (17) | 77 | F | Laser, endoscopic resection | – | – | None | Alive | 46 |
| (17) | 88 | F | Laser, endoscopic resection | – | – | None | Alive | 42 |
| (97) | 76 | F | Laser, argon plasma coagulation | – | – | – | – | – |
| (49) | 66 | M | Laser | – | XRT | None | Alive | 15 |
| (83) | 40 | F | Laser | – | chemo | None | Dead | 6 |
| (44) | 73 | M | Laser | – | – | – | Dead | 12 |
| (18) | 69 | F | Laser | – | – | – | Dead | 14 |
| (18) | 73 | F | Laser | – | – | – | Dead | 5 |
| (96) | 70 | F | Laser | – | – | – | Alive | 11 |
| (156) | 28 | M | Laser | – | – | – | – | – |
| (157) | 54 | M | Laser | – | – | – | Dead | 2 |
| (70) | 58 | M | Laser | – | – | – | – | – |
| (72) | 64 | M | Endoscopic resection, argon plasma coagulation | – | – | None | Dead | 0.3 |
| (85) | 71 | M | Endoscopic resection, argon plasma coagulation | – | – | None | Dead | 5 |
| (42) | 35 | F | Endoscopic resection | – | – | – | – | – |
| (50) | 46 | F | Endoscopic resection | – | – | – | – | – |
| (71) | 50 | F | Endoscopic resection | – | – | None | – | – |
| (100) | 53 | M | Endoscopic resection | – | – | – | – | – |
| (12) | 64 | F | Emergent intubation, laser, stent | – | XRT | None | Dead | 2.8 |
| (12) | 64 | M | Emergent intubation, laser, stent | – | XRT | Stent migration | Dead | 0.73 |
| (12) | 51 | M | Emergent intubation, laser, stent | – | – | None | Dead | 1.2 |
| (81) | 45 | F | Electrosurgery, endoscopic resection | – | Chemo XRT | None | Alive | 54 |
| (65) | 45 | F | Electrosurgery | – | – | Death | Dead | 0.1 |
| (102) | – | F | Electrosurgery | – | – | – | – | – |
| (37) | 53 | F | Electrosurgery | – | – | – | – | – |
| (64) | 57 | F | Cryotherapy | – | Chemo | None | Alive | – |
| (69) | 61 | F | Argon plasma coagulation via tracheotomy | – | – | None | Dead | 3 |
| (59) | – | – | – | – | XRT, steroids | None | Dead | – |
| (116) | 40 | M | – | – | XRT | None | Alive | 6 |
| (47) | 73 | F | – | – | XRT | None | – | – |
| (13) | 60 | M | – | – | XRT | – | Alive | 9 |
| (13) | 68 | M | – | – | XRT | – | Alive | – |
| (13) | 53 | M | – | – | XRT | – | Alive | 9 |
| (13) | 64 | M | – | – | XRT | – | Alive | 11 |
| (82) | 61 | F | – | – | XRT | None | Alive | 6 |
| (16) | 67 | M | – | – | XRT | – | – | – |
| (80) | 68 | M | – | – | XRT | None | Alive | 24 |
| (158) | – | M | – | – | XRT | – | – | – |
| (16) | 61 | M | – | – | XRT | – | – | – |
| (10) | – | – | – | – | RAI, XRT | – | Dead | 21 |
| (67) | 51 | M | – | – | Chemo XRT | – | – | – |
| (40) | 54 | F | – | – | Chemo | None | Alive | 16 |
| (94) | 76 | M | – | – | Chemo | – | – | – |
| (13) | 66 | M | – | – | Chemo | – | Alive | 10 |
| (86) | 64 | M | – | – | Chemo | – | – | – |
| (87) | 81 | M | – | – | Anti-androgen | None | Alive | – |
| (66) | 59 | F | – | – | – | None | Dead | 1 |
| (105) | 48 | M | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| (103) | 62 | M | – | – | – | Death | Dead | 0.03 |
Window, resection of anterior tracheal wall; shave, shave resection of trachea (partial thickness); wedge, wedge resection of trachea (full-thickness); resection, circumferential trachea resection (extent of tracheal resection if known); exenteration, trachea and other structures (not including larynx or thyroid); LND, lymph node dissection; RAI, radioactive iodine; RLN, recurrent laryngeal nerve; XRT, radiation therapy; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome.