Table 2. Item Labels for Final Items Used in CFA (Study 1).

Item	Factor	Item label	Final item and subscale
Note. IB = Impartial Beneficence subscale; IH = Instrumental Harm; CFA = confirmatory factor analysis.
2	3	There are some things that are simply right or wrong, no matter what the consequences.
3	4	It is sometimes acceptable to break a moral rule in order to do good.
4	3	Some moral rules should never be broken, no matter how good the consequences.
11	1	From a moral point of view, we should feel obliged to give one of our kidneys to a person with kidney failure since we don’t need two kidneys to survive, but really only one to be healthy.	IB-1
14	1	We have a moral obligation to do everything we can to help others in need, even if this requires giving away most of our money.
15	1	From a moral point of view, we shouldn’t act in self-defense if this would cause great harm to other innocent people.
16	1	It is morally wrong to keep money that one doesn’t really need if one can donate it to causes that provide effective help to those who will benefit a great deal.	IB-2
17	1	If the only way to save another person’s life during an emergency is to sacrifice one’s own leg, then one is morally required to make this sacrifice.	IB-3
18	3	Some of society’s laws and rules should never be broken.
20	2	If the only way to ensure the overall well-being and happiness of the people is through the use of political oppression for a short, limited period, then political oppression should be used.	IH-2
21	3	Sometimes it’s inevitable that something morally bad will occur, but it’s much worse if you’re the one who made it happen.
23	3	Virtues like kindness and wisdom are morally important in and of themselves, whether or not they lead to good consequences overall.
25	3	Some things are wrong because they violate human dignity, even if they would lead to better consequences.
26	3	Some things are wrong because they are contrary to nature, even if no one is harmed.
27	3	Some sexual acts and relationships are inherently wrong, even if they are consensual and nobody is harmed.
28	3	If someone is in a position of legitimate authority over us, we have a moral duty to do and respect what they say, even if we personally think this will lead to a worse result.
43	2	Freedom has to be weighed against the public welfare: if it is necessary to restrict individuals’ freedom to promote the greater good, then that is what should be done.
44	4	It is morally permissible to lie if doing so would help others a great deal.
45	4	It is morally wrong to lie to a person, even if it is for their own good, and will make them better off.
46	4	It is morally wrong to break promises even if this would bring about good outcomes.
47	4	It is important to be truthful as a general rule, but sometimes people have to lie to do the right thing.
48	1	It is morally wrong for you to take a high-paying job in an industry that causes some harm (such as tobacco or petrochemical)—even if you would donate much of your earnings to an important charity that would prevent a greater amount of harm.
52	2	If faced with the choice, it is morally better to kill a human being who is severely mentally disabled than it is to kill a healthy chimpanzee with greater self-awareness and cognitive and emotional capacities.	IH-3
57	3	Criminals should receive the punishment they deserve—even if this will not protect the public or deter crime in the future.
59	2	If letting an innocent person go free in some particular instance would certainly cause riots—riots that would lead to a serious loss of life—then it is OK to send this innocent person to jail.
61	1	If someone had a choice between saving the life of their own child, versus saving the lives of three strangers’ children, it would be morally better for that person to save the three strangers’ children.
62	1	From a moral perspective, people should care about the well-being of all human beings on the planet equally; they should not favor the well-being of people who are especially close to them either physically or emotionally.	IB-5
63	1	When trying to help suffering people, it is just as morally important to help those in a faraway country as it is to help those suffering in your own neighborhood.
67	2	Sometimes it is morally necessary for innocent people to die as collateral damage—if more people are saved overall.	IH-5
68	2	It is morally right to harm an innocent person if harming them is a necessary means to helping several other innocent people.	IH-1
69	2	It is morally right to harm a single innocent person if harming them is a necessary means to preventing harm to a greater number of innocent people.
70	2	It is morally wrong to take advantage of someone, even if it is to help a large number of other people.
72	2	It is permissible to torture an innocent person if this would be necessary to provide information to prevent a bomb going off that would kill hundreds of people.	IH-4
73	1	It is just as wrong to fail to help someone as it is to actively harm them yourself.	IB-4
77	1	Failing to send money to a charity to save an innocent person’s life—someone you know will die without your help—is just as morally bad an action as sending a package of poison that will directly cause that person to die.