Figure 1.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and virtual reality (VR) were fully integrated to induce rubber hand illusion (RHI): TMS‐VR induced RHI. It shows the experimental procedure: after the initial set‐up for TMS and VR (see main text), excitability of motor cortex was recorded at rest before and after the TMS‐VR stimulation (white squares). During the TMS‐VR stimulation (grey squares), participants received single TMS pulses, over motor cortex or the vertex, and at a specific intensity of stimulation, supra‐ or subthreshold, accordingly to the experimental conditions. Through a head‐mounted display (small photo), they observed a virtual hand mimicking the TMS‐evoked movements. The temporal congruency between TMS pulse and the movement of the virtual hand was manipulated in a synchronous or asynchronous condition. Before and after the first block of TMS‐VR stimulation (12 TMS pulses), participants performed the hand location task in VR (drift). Then, brief blocks of TMS‐VR stimulation (three pulses) followed by a drift measure were repeated six times. At the end, participants responded to a questionnaire related to embodiment (Embodiment questionnaire, in the figure EMB‐q) and to one related to the sensations induced by the TMS (TMS questionnaire, in the figure TMS‐q). This procedure was repeated twice in the same session, once for synchronous and once for asynchronous condition (in a counterbalanced between‐participants order). On a separate day, a second identical session was performed, which differed for the site (experiment 1) or the intensity (experiment 2) of TMS according to the experimental condition.