Acupuncture or dry needling	Exercises: centralization & directional preference	Lumbar brace or corset	Refer to a psychologist without intervention
Back school	Exercises: coordination, endurance, & strengthening	Mechanical Traction	Spinal non-thrust manipulation
Bed rest	Exercises: endurance & fitness	Neurodynamic mobilization	Spinal thrust manipulation
Education to pursue or maintain an active lifestyle	Exercises: lumbar flexion	Radiographs or magnetic resonance imaging	Work conditioning or hardening
Education: home exercise programme	Interferential current or TENS	Refer to a physician	Work modification
Education in symptom alleviating posture and movements	Ice or heat	Refer to a physician without intervention	Other, specify in the box below.
Education to address negative affective tendencies	Laser or Ultrasound	Refer to a psychologist
Education to address negative affective tendencies	Laser or Ultrasound	Refer to a psychologist