Table 1.

Biochemical and cellular diagnosis and monitoring of acute infections. Which are the possibilities?

• White blood cell counts and differentials • Acute phase proteins, e.g. CRP, SAA • Cytokines, e.g. IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, TNF-α, IP-10 • Inflammatory cell markers, e.g. MPO, lactoferrin, HNL, lysozyme, HBP (azurocidin), soluble CEACAM8, α-defensins, calprotectin • Adhesion molecules, e.g. E-selectin, VCAM-1, ICAM-1 • Others, e.g. PCT, LBP, TREM-1, TRAIL • Cell surface markers, e.g. CD64, CD35, CD11b • Lactate

CD: cluster of differentiation; CEACAM: carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule; CRP: C-reactive protein; G-CSF: granulocyte colony stimulating factor; HBP: heparin binding protein; HNL: human neutrophil lipocalin; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; IL-6: interleukin 6; IL-8: interleukin 8; IP-10: interferon gamma-inducible protein 10; LBP: lipopolysaccharide binding protein; MPO: myeloperoxidase; PCT: procalcitonin; SAA: serum amyloid A; TNF-α: tissue necrosis factor-α; TRAIL: TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; TREM: triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells; VCAM: vascular cell adhesion molecule.