Table 2.
Relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the risk of have ever been diagnosed with hypertension, dyslipidemia, retinopathy or nephropathy.
| Exposure∗ | RR from model 1 (95% CI) | RR from model 2 (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|
| Sex (N = 1.789) | ||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Female | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 1.19 (0.95–1.49) |
| Survey wave (N = 1.789) | ||
| 2009/10 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2012/13 | 0.61 (0.45–0.82) | 0.78 (0.56–1.09) |
| 2015/16 | 0.58 (0.43–0.76) | 0.75 (0.54–1.03) |
| Diabetes duration† (N = 1.789) | ||
| 10.5 years | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 12.4 years | 1.34 (1.04–1.73) | 1.34 (1.03–1.72) |
| 15.4 years | 2.32 (1.67–3.23) | 2.31 (1.66–3.21) |
| Socioeconomic status index†‡ (N = 1.761) | ||
| 6.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 13.0 | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) | 0.75 (0.55–1.04) |
| 19.0 | 0.57 (0.41–0.79) | 0.67 (0.48–0.92) |
| Living with… (N = 1.783) | ||
| Biological parents | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Else | 1.25 (0.97–1.62) | 1.16 (0.90–1.50) |
| BMI-SDS† (N = 1.741) | ||
| −1.5 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 0.3 | 1.75 (1.07–2.88) | 1.72 (1.05–2.82) |
| 2.0 | 2.89 (1.77–4.72) | 2.64 (1.61–4.33) |
| Freq. of physical activity (N = 1.765) | ||
| Never | 2.19 (1.49–3.22) | 1.76 (1.19–2.61) |
| 1-2 times/month | 1.72 (1.17–2.52) | 1.45 (0.99–2.14) |
| 1-2 times/week | 1.38 (1.06–1.80) | 1.30 (0.99–1.70) |
| More than 1-2 times/week | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| HbA1c† (N = 1.711) | ||
| 6.3% (45 mmol/mol) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 8.2% (66 mmol/mol) | 1.28 (1.01–1.63) | 1.23 (0.97–1.57) |
| 12.1% (109 mmol/mol) | 2.67 (1.78–4.01) | 2.52 (1.70–3.72) |
| Freq. of SMBG (N = 1.706) | ||
| 0–2/day | 1.24 (0.69–2.20) | 0.88 (0.49–1.59) |
| 3–5/day | 0.99 (0.66–1.49) | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) |
| 6–8/day | 0.69 (0.45–1.06) | 0.64 (0.41–0.99) |
| >8/day | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Freq. of omitted insulin injections (N = 1.749) | ||
| Never | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1-2 times/week | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 1.07 (0.81–1.40) |
| 3–5 times/week | 0.99 (0.69–1.41) | 0.98 (0.68–1.39) |
| (almost) 1 time/day | 1.15 (0.70–1.90) | 1.08 (0.66–1.77) |
| More than 1 time/day | 1.86 (0.94–3.66) | 1.91 (1.03–3.53) |
| Insulin therapy (N = 1.771) | ||
| 1–3 injections/day | 1.23 (0.80–1.87) | 1.15 (0.76–1.74) |
| 4+ injections/day | 0.86 (0.67–1.11) | 0.80 (0.62–1.03) |
| CSII | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Participation in DMP (N = 1.770) | ||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.91 (0.71–1.17) |
| Do not know | 0.97 (0.70–1.33) | 0.95 (0.69–1.30) |
| Use of diabetes health card (N = 1.772) | ||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| No | 0.90 (0.72–1.14) | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) |
| Do not know | 0.63 (0.32–1.25) | 0.55 (0.28–1.08) |
Unadjusted RRs were derived from separate log-binomial regression with the composite outcome as the dependent binary variable and the respective exposure variables as the independent variable (model 1). Model 2 adjusted for sex and diabetes duration. Abbreviations: BMI-SDS: body mass index standard deviation scores; SMBG: self-monitoring of blood glucose; CSII: continuous subcutaneous insulin injection; DMP: disease management program; ∗different N due to missing values in exposure variables; †modelled as a natural cubic spline with three equally spaced knots—estimates are model-based RR for the mean and midpoint of the fourth quartile versus the midpoint of the first quartile; ‡range 3–21—higher values indicate higher socioeconomic position.