Table 1.
Outpatient Clinical Presentation and Hospital Admissions by Influenza and Malaria Test Results Among Children Aged 0–23 Months and Aged 24–59 Months With Acute Febrile Respiratory Illness at Lwak Mission Hospital, Rural Western Kenya, 2009–2011
| Characteristic | Aged 0–23 mo | Aged 24–59 mo | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influenza and Malaria |
Influenza Only |
Malaria Only |
Neither | P Value* | Influenza and Malaria |
Influenza Only |
Malaria Only |
Neither | P Value* | |
| Total No. (%) | 32 (3.6) | 39 (4.4) | 498 (56.0) | 321 (36.1) | 64 (6.2) | 53 (5.2) | 728 (71.0) | 181 (17.6) | ||
| Female | 12 (37.5) | 14 (35.9) | 195 (39.2) | 149 (46.4) | .157 | 34 (53.1) | 26 (49.1) | 357 (49.0) | 84 (46.4) | .823 |
| Age, mo, mean (SD) | 13.5 (5.9) | 12.1 (5.2) | 13.9 (6.0) | 11.9 (6.2) | <.001 | 42.1 (9.9) | 43.4 (10) | 39.9 (10.6) | 39.4 (11) | .035 |
| Days from lever onset to visit, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.5) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.4) | .690 |
| Physical exam vitals | ||||||||||
| Temperature, °C, mean (SD) | 40.0 (0.7) | 38.6 (0.9) | 39.0 (0.8) | 38.5 (0.9) | <.001 | 39.0 (0.7) | 38.5 (0.9) | 40.0 (0.8) | 38.6 (0.8) | <.001 |
| Fever (>38°C) | 28 (87.5) | 29 (74.4) | 459 (92.2) | 245 (76.3) | <.001 | 58 (90.6) | 39 (73.6) | 667 (91.6) | 143 (79.0) | <.001 |
| Respiration, mean (SD) | 44.7 (12.6) | 47.0 (10.8) | 45.0 (11.3) | 43.1 (11.7) | .061 | 36.1 (9.9) | 32.6 (7.8) | 39.0 (9.9) | 36.9 (8.6) | <.001 |
| Tachypneaa | 17 (53.1) | 25 (64.1) | 299 (60.0) | 173 (53.9) | .286 | 17 (26.6) | 6 (11.3) | 260 (35.7) | 51 (28.2) | .001 |
| Oxygen saturation, mean (SD) | 96.8 (1.9) | 94.9 (4.4) | 96.5 (3.2) | 96.1 (3.9) | .029 | 97.8 (1.9) | 96.5 (3.2) | 96.8 (3.5) | 96.3 (2.9) | .023 |
| Low oxygen saturationb | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 5 (1.0) | 8 (2.5) | <.001 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 7 (1.0) | 4 (2.2) | .120 |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||||||||
| Cough | 31 (96.9) | 36 (92.3) | 482 (96.8) | 309 (96.3) | .537 | 61 (95.3) | 52 (98.1) | 712 (97.8) | 179 (98.9) | .402 |
| Respiratory distress | 5 (15.6) | 9 (23.1) | 39 (7.83) | 72 (22.4) | <.001 | 4 (6.3) | 8 (15.1) | 46 (6.32) | 32 (17.7) | <.001 |
| Convulsion | 3 (9.4) | 5 (12.8) | 42 (8.4) | 11 (3.4) | .016 | 7 (10.9) | 1 (1.9) | 35 (4.8) | 11 (6.1) | .117 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (3.1) | 8 (20.5) | 72 (14.5) | 57 (17.8) | .105 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (4.8) | 10 (5.5) | .101 |
| Vomiting | 12 (37.5) | 12 (30.8) | 157 (31.5) | 97 (30) | .858 | 8 (12.5) | 6 (11) | 237 (32.6) | 37 (20.4) | <.001 |
| Clinical diagnoses | ||||||||||
| Anemia | 4 (12.5) | 1 (2.6) | 49 (9.8) | 9 (2.8) | .001 | 6 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 45 (6.2) | 13 (7.2) | .181 |
| Pneumonia | 6 (18.8) | 10 (25.6) | 30 (6.0) | 77 (24.0) | <.001 | 3 (4.7) | 9 (17.0) | 22 (3.0) | 33 (18.2) | <.001 |
| Disposition | ||||||||||
| Admitted to hospital | 9 (28.1) | 11 (28.2) | 68 (13.7) | 67 (20.9) | .004 | 8 (12.5) | 5 (9.4) | 74 (10.2) | 24 (13.3) | .630 |
| Days in hospital, mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.7) | 3.7 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.5) | .013 | 3.5 (1.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.3) | .022 |
| Chest radiograph orderedc | 2 (22.2) | 3 (27.3) | 1 (1.5) | 7 (10.4) | .009 | 2 (25.0) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (12.5) | <.001 |
Data are presented as no. (%) unless otherwise specified.
a
Tachypnea (>60 breaths/min for age <2 months; >50 breaths/min for age <12 months; >40 breaths/min for age ≥12 months).
b
Low oxygen saturation (<90%).
c
Denominator is the number hospitalized in the infection group.
*
P value reflects χ2 or Fisher exact test (if expected cell value <5), testing the null hypothesis of no heterogeneity between groups.