Table 1.
Characteristic | Aged 0–23 mo | Aged 24–59 mo | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Influenza and Malaria |
Influenza Only |
Malaria Only |
Neither | P Value* | Influenza and Malaria |
Influenza Only |
Malaria Only |
Neither | P Value* | |
Total No. (%) | 32 (3.6) | 39 (4.4) | 498 (56.0) | 321 (36.1) | 64 (6.2) | 53 (5.2) | 728 (71.0) | 181 (17.6) | ||
Female | 12 (37.5) | 14 (35.9) | 195 (39.2) | 149 (46.4) | .157 | 34 (53.1) | 26 (49.1) | 357 (49.0) | 84 (46.4) | .823 |
Age, mo, mean (SD) | 13.5 (5.9) | 12.1 (5.2) | 13.9 (6.0) | 11.9 (6.2) | <.001 | 42.1 (9.9) | 43.4 (10) | 39.9 (10.6) | 39.4 (11) | .035 |
Days from lever onset to visit, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.0 (1.1) | 2.4 (1.5) | <.001 | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.2 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.2) | 2.2 (1.4) | .690 |
Physical exam vitals | ||||||||||
Temperature, °C, mean (SD) | 40.0 (0.7) | 38.6 (0.9) | 39.0 (0.8) | 38.5 (0.9) | <.001 | 39.0 (0.7) | 38.5 (0.9) | 40.0 (0.8) | 38.6 (0.8) | <.001 |
Fever (>38°C) | 28 (87.5) | 29 (74.4) | 459 (92.2) | 245 (76.3) | <.001 | 58 (90.6) | 39 (73.6) | 667 (91.6) | 143 (79.0) | <.001 |
Respiration, mean (SD) | 44.7 (12.6) | 47.0 (10.8) | 45.0 (11.3) | 43.1 (11.7) | .061 | 36.1 (9.9) | 32.6 (7.8) | 39.0 (9.9) | 36.9 (8.6) | <.001 |
Tachypneaa | 17 (53.1) | 25 (64.1) | 299 (60.0) | 173 (53.9) | .286 | 17 (26.6) | 6 (11.3) | 260 (35.7) | 51 (28.2) | .001 |
Oxygen saturation, mean (SD) | 96.8 (1.9) | 94.9 (4.4) | 96.5 (3.2) | 96.1 (3.9) | .029 | 97.8 (1.9) | 96.5 (3.2) | 96.8 (3.5) | 96.3 (2.9) | .023 |
Low oxygen saturationb | 0 (0.0) | 5 (12.8) | 5 (1.0) | 8 (2.5) | <.001 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (3.8) | 7 (1.0) | 4 (2.2) | .120 |
Signs and symptoms | ||||||||||
Cough | 31 (96.9) | 36 (92.3) | 482 (96.8) | 309 (96.3) | .537 | 61 (95.3) | 52 (98.1) | 712 (97.8) | 179 (98.9) | .402 |
Respiratory distress | 5 (15.6) | 9 (23.1) | 39 (7.83) | 72 (22.4) | <.001 | 4 (6.3) | 8 (15.1) | 46 (6.32) | 32 (17.7) | <.001 |
Convulsion | 3 (9.4) | 5 (12.8) | 42 (8.4) | 11 (3.4) | .016 | 7 (10.9) | 1 (1.9) | 35 (4.8) | 11 (6.1) | .117 |
Diarrhea | 1 (3.1) | 8 (20.5) | 72 (14.5) | 57 (17.8) | .105 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 35 (4.8) | 10 (5.5) | .101 |
Vomiting | 12 (37.5) | 12 (30.8) | 157 (31.5) | 97 (30) | .858 | 8 (12.5) | 6 (11) | 237 (32.6) | 37 (20.4) | <.001 |
Clinical diagnoses | ||||||||||
Anemia | 4 (12.5) | 1 (2.6) | 49 (9.8) | 9 (2.8) | .001 | 6 (9.4) | 0 (0.0) | 45 (6.2) | 13 (7.2) | .181 |
Pneumonia | 6 (18.8) | 10 (25.6) | 30 (6.0) | 77 (24.0) | <.001 | 3 (4.7) | 9 (17.0) | 22 (3.0) | 33 (18.2) | <.001 |
Disposition | ||||||||||
Admitted to hospital | 9 (28.1) | 11 (28.2) | 68 (13.7) | 67 (20.9) | .004 | 8 (12.5) | 5 (9.4) | 74 (10.2) | 24 (13.3) | .630 |
Days in hospital, mean (SD) | 2.0 (0.7) | 3.7 (1.8) | 2.5 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.5) | .013 | 3.5 (1.6) | 1.6 (0.5) | 2.4 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.3) | .022 |
Chest radiograph orderedc | 2 (22.2) | 3 (27.3) | 1 (1.5) | 7 (10.4) | .009 | 2 (25.0) | 4 (80.0) | 2 (2.7) | 3 (12.5) | <.001 |
Data are presented as no. (%) unless otherwise specified.
Tachypnea (>60 breaths/min for age <2 months; >50 breaths/min for age <12 months; >40 breaths/min for age ≥12 months).
Low oxygen saturation (<90%).
Denominator is the number hospitalized in the infection group.
P value reflects χ2 or Fisher exact test (if expected cell value <5), testing the null hypothesis of no heterogeneity between groups.