Table 1.
Multivariate-adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR)* and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) for HCC risk factors
| Demographic variables | HCC patients | Controls | AOR (95% CI) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N =234 | (%) | N =282 | (%) | |||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <50 | 41 | (17.5) | 42 | (14.9) | 1 (Reference) | |
| ≥50 | 193 | (82.5) | 240 | (85.1) | 0.76 (0.42–1.36) | .4 |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 171 | (73.1) | 261 | (92.6) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Non-White | 63 | (26.9) | 21 | (7.4) | 0.27 (0.14 – .55) | <.0001 |
| Educational level | ||||||
| < College Education | 174 | (74.4) | 182 | (64.5) | 1 (Reference) | |
| ≥ College Education | 60 | (25.6) | 100 | (35.5) | 1.38 (0.86– 2.21) | .2 |
| HCV (Anti-HCV+)† | ||||||
| No infection | 174 | (74.4) | 256 | (90.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| HCV infection | 60 | (25.6) | 1 | (0.4) | 71.6 (9.6 – 536.04) | <.0001 |
| HBV | ||||||
| No infection | 224 | (95.7) | 249 | (88.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| HbsAg | 10 | (4.3) | 1 | (0.4) | 13.95 (1.28–151.58) | .03 |
| Anti-HBc | 26 | 7 | (2.5) | 2.98 (1.1–8.07) | .03 | |
| Unavailable | 0 | 25 | (8.9) | --- | ||
| Cigarette smoking‡ | ||||||
| No smoking | 128 | (54.7) | 191 | (67.7) | 1 (References) | |
| Smokers | 106 | (45.3) | 91 | (32.3) | 1.43 (0.89–2.31) | .1 |
| Alcohol drinking¥ | ||||||
| No drinking | 109 | (46.6) | 198 | (70.2) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Drinkers | 125 | (53.4) | 84 | (29.8) | 2.9 (1.81–4.64) | <.0001 |
| Prior history of diabetes | ||||||
| No diabetes | 179 | (76.5) | 256 | (90.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Diabetes | 55 | (23.5) | 26 | (9.2) | 3.84 (1.96–7.5) | <.0001 |
| Prior BMI (age20–40) | ||||||
| Normal/Slim | 153 | (65.9) | 225 | (80.1) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Overweight | 47 | (20.3) | 39 | (13.9) | 1.24 (0.67–2.3) | .5 |
| Obese | 32 | (13.8) | 17 | (6) | 2.35 (1.0–5.18) | .03 |
| Hypothyroidism | ||||||
| No | 176 | (75.2) | 239 | (84.8) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 58 | (24.8) | 43 | (15.2) | 2.43 (1.43– 4.16) | .001 |
| Family history of cancer | ||||||
| No | 52 | (22.2) | 91 | (32.3) | 1 (Reference) | |
| Yes | 182 | (77.8) | 191 | (67.7) | 1.79 (1.07–2.98) | .03 |
*
Adjusted for age, race, education level, HCV, HBV, alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, history of diabetes, family history of cancer, obesity at age (20–40), and hypothyroidism;
†
Serological evidence of HCV and HBV were not determined in 25 control females;
‡
Smokers are as subjects who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes during their lifetime;
¥
Drinkers were subjects who had consumed at least 4 alcoholic drinks each month for 6 months in their lifetime.