Table 2.
Anesthesia and recovery variables for 46 healthy horses that underwent total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) maintained with a midazolam-ketamine-xylazine (MKX) infusion.
| Variable | Mean ± SD | Median (range) |
|---|---|---|
| Midazolam infusion rate (mg/kg BW per minute) | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.0017 (0.0003 to 0.0094) |
| Ketamine infusion rate (mg/kg BW per minute) | 0.048 ± 0.033 | 0.042 (0.007 to 0.236) |
| Xylazine infusion rate (mg/kg BW per minute) | 0.024 ± 0.016 | 0.021 (0.003 to 0.118) |
| Duration of infusion (min) | 32 ± 14 | 30 (10 to 80) |
| Duration of anesthesia (min) | 39 ± 15 | 36 (13 to 80) |
| Duration of procedure (min) | 22 ± 14 | 19 (5 to 65) |
| Time to extubation (min) | 18 ± 12 | 18 (0 to 38) |
| Time to standing (min) | 33 ± 13 | 33 (12 to 59) |
| Number of attempts to stand | — | 1 (1 to 5) |
| Recovery score | — | 2 (1 to 8) |
Timed recovery data are reported as mean ± SD and median (range) values as measured from the time that the MKX infusion was disconnected. Recovery score and number of attempts to stand are reported as median (range); quality of recovery was assessed in real time and scored on a 10-point scale in which 1 = stands on first attempt with clean effort and no body sway or weight shifting and 10 = several violent attempts to stand, horse resumes recumbency, and major injury is incurred by horse or personnel.