Table 2.
Microbes in MS.
| Author | Subject | Treatment | Bacterial in MS↑ | Bacterial in MS↓ | Bacterial in treatment↑ | Bacterial in treatment↓ | Other results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jangi et al. [128] | MS n = 60 HC n = 43 |
IFN-β n = 18 GA n = 14 Untreated n = 28 |
Methanobrevibacter Akkermansia |
Butyricimonas | Prevotella Sutterella |
Sarcina | |
| Tremlett et al. [134] | Children ≤ 18 MS n = 15 HC n = 9 |
IFN-β n = 2 GA n = 5 Untreated n = 8 |
(1) No difference in immune markers between MS and HC. (2) Associations between immune markers (Th17, Tregs) and gut microbiota (Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria) had been noted. |
||||
| Tremlett et al. [132] | Children ≤ 18 MS n = 18 HC n = 17 |
IFN-β n = 3 GA n = 5 Natalizumab n = 1 Corticosteroids n = 6 Untreated n = 9 |
Desulfovibrionaceae (Bilophila, Desulfovibrio, Christensenellaceae) | Lachnospiraceae Ruminococcaceae |
(1) Observed children very early in their MS which close to MS onset. (2) Onset of MS with more subtle changes rather than in the community composition. |
||
| Branton et al. [143] | PPMS n = 5 RRMS n = 4 SPMS n = 14 HC n = 21 |
Actinobacteria in RRMS Proteobacteria in PPMS |
Actinobacteria in PP-MS | (1) Using brain biopsies for MS, and RNA sequence analysis for bacteria. (2) Composition of the bacteria maybe different from gut. |
|||
| Wilson et al. [137] | MS n = 20 HC n = 40 |
Actinobacteria Bifidobacterium Streptococcus |
Bacteroides, Faecalibacterium, Prevotella, Anaerostipes Clostridia XIVa and IV Clusters |
||||
| Tremlett et al. [133] | MS n = 17 | IFN-β n = 3 GA n = 5 Natalizumab n = 1 Untreated n = 8 |
Firmicutes Archaea Euryarchaeota |
Fusobacteria | Absence (versus presence) of Fusobacteria was associated with relapse risk | ||
| Cantarel et al. [138] | MS n = 7 HC n = 8 |
GA n = 5 Untreated n = 2 Vitamin D |
Ruminococcus | Faecalibacterium, Bacteroidaceae | Faecalibacterium | Faecalibacterium increased for GA naïve MS relative to GA-treated MS and HC. | |
| Rumah et al. [139] | RRMS n = 26 SPMS n = 4 HC n = 31 |
C. perfringens type A | |||||
| Chen et al. [140] | MS n = 31 HC n = 36 |
IFN-β n = 14 GA n = 1 Natalizumab n = 5 Untreated n = 11 |
Pseudomonas, Mycoplana, Haemophilus, Blautia, Dorea |
Parabacteroides, Adlercreutzia, Prevotella |
|||
| Rumah et al. [161] | Fingolimod DMF Teriflunomide |
C. perfringens | Inhibition of C. perfringens growth may contribute to the clinical efficacy of MS |
MS: multiple sclerosis; HC: health control; GA: glatiramer acetate; IFN-β: beta-interferon; PPMS: primary progressive multiple sclerosis; RRMS: relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis; SPMS: secondary progressive multiple sclerosis; DMF: dimethyl fumarate. ↑ means increase and ↓ means decrease.