Table 2.
Summary measure information.
| Measure
|
Scale range | α | M | SE | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Demographic characteristics
| ||||||
| Sex (1 item)
|
0 (Female) and 1 (Male)
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
||
| Family structure (1 item)
|
1 (Neither-parent), 2 (Single-parent), 3 (Dual-parent)
|
–
|
2.67
|
.01
|
||
| Family income (1 item)
|
1 (Less than $20,000) to 4 ($75,000 or more)
|
–
|
2.74
|
.02
|
||
| Measure | Prior use | Scale range | Sample items | α | M | SE |
| Parental monitoring (4 items) | b, c, f, g, h | 1 (Never) to 4 (Always) | How often do your parents limit the amount of time you go out with friends on school nights? | .65 | 2.91 | .01 |
| Parental warmth (2 items) | b, c, f, g, h | 1 (Never) to 4 (Always) | How often do your parents tell you they are proud of you for something you have done? | .86 | 3.36 | .01 |
| Social ties (12 items total) | .74 | 2.69 | .01 | |||
| Peer substance use norms (4 items) | a, c, d | 1 (All of them) to 4 (None of them) | How many of the students in your grade at school would you say drink alcoholic beverages? | .88 | 2.98 | .01 |
| Close friends’ approval of substance use (4 items) | a, c, d | 1 (Neither approve or disapprove) to 3 (Strongly disapprove) | How do you think your close friends would feel about you trying marijuana or hashish once or twice? | .90 | 2.51 | .01 |
| Personal approval of substance use (4 items) | a, d | 1 (Neither approve or disapprove) to 3 (Strongly disapprove) | How do you feel about someone your age trying marijuana or hashish once a month or more? | .89 | 2.55 | .01 |
| Individual factors (22 items total) | .60 | 3.20 | .00 | |||
| Parent substance use disapproval (4 items) | a | 1 (Neither approve or disapprove) to 3 (Strongly disapprove) | How do you think your parents would feel about you having one or two drinks of an alcoholic beverage? | .85 | 2.88 | .01 |
| School engagement (4 items) | a, g | 4 (Not engaged) to 1 (Very engaged) | How have you felt overall about going to school during the past 12 months? | .77 | 3.17 | .01 |
| Academic achievement (1 item) | a, g | 4 (D or less than D) to 1 (A+, A, or A−) | What were your grades for the last semester or grading period you completed? | – | 3.06 | .01 |
| Sensation seeking (2 items) | g, h | 1 (Always) to 4 (Never) | How often do you get a real kick out of doing things that are a little dangerous? | .82 | 2.95 | .01 |
| Perceived risk of use (5 items) | d | 1 (Great risk) to 4 (No risk) | How much do people risk harming themselves physically and in other ways when they smoke one or more packs of cigarettes per day? | .72 | 3.20 | .01 |
| Delinquency (6 items) | a, g, h | 1 (0 times) to 4 (6 to 9 times) | During the past 12 months, how many times have you gotten into a serious fight at school or work? | .70 | 3.90 | .00 |
| Prescription drug misuse | ||||||
| Opioids (1 item) | e | 0 (No) to 1 (Yes) | Have you ever, even once, used any type of prescription pain reliever/stimulant that was not prescribed for you or that you took only for the experience or feeling they caused? | – | .08 | .00 |
| Stimulants (1 item) | e | 0 (No) to 1 (Yes) | – | .02 | .00 | |
Note. Means and standard errors reflect weighted estimates. Values in parentheses indicate the number of items that make up each measure. The prior use column indicates use of the measures in previous research: a = Chen, Balan, & Price, 2012; b = Herman-Stahl et al., 2008; c = Noyori-Corbett & Moon, 2010; d = Resnicow, Smith, Harrison, & Drucker, 1999; e = Schepis & Krishnan-Sarin, 2008; f = Vaughn et al., 2012; g = Vaughn, Maynard, Salas-Wright, Perron, & Abdon, 2013; h = Vaughn, Shook, Perron, Abdon, & Ahmedani, 2011.