The phosphorylation networks among ATG proteins and their regulatory kinases for (A) H. sapiens, (B) M. musculus, and (C) S. cerevisiae. (D) The phosphorylation sites predicted kinases of human ULK1. The protein kinase family was shown as “group-family”. For example, AGC-DMPK refers to the family of dystrophia myotonica protein kinases (DMPKs) in the protein kinase A, G, and C (AGC) group. The detailed classifications of eukaryotic protein kinases can be accessed at EKPD (http://ekpd.biocuckoo.org/). pS, phospho-serine; pT, phospho-threonine.