. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Apr 16.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Obes (Lond). 2017 Dec 7;42(3):479–486. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2017.303

Table 4.

Mean (s.e.) changes in body mass index, weight, and percent weight loss for individuals with either high (≥6.6 per day) intake of LED foods, low intake of HED foods (≤2 per day), neither or both (n =183)

	6-month outcomes				18-month outcomes

	Group 1 low LED/high HED	Group 2 low LED/low HED	Group 3 high LED/high HED	Group 4 high LED/low HED	Group 1 low LED/high HED	Group 2 low LED/low HED	Group 3 high LED/high HED	Group 4 high LED/low HED
Energy density change (one unit of food) (kJ g⁻¹) [kcal g⁻¹]
Model 1	−1.17 (0.25)^a	− 2.64 (0.33)^b	− 1.93 (0.33)^ab	− 2.47 (0.59)^ab	− 1.26 (0.25)^a	− 2.47 (0.33)^b	− 1.63 (0.33)^ab	− 1.93 (0.59)^ab
Model 1	[− 0.28 (0.06)^a]	[− 0.63 (0.08)^b]	[− 0.46 (0.08)^ab]	[− 0.59 (0.14)^ab]	[− 0.30 (0.06)^a]	[− 0.59 (0.08)^b]	[− 0.39 (0.08)^ab]	[− 0.46 (0.14)^ab]
Model 2	−1.51 (0.42)^a	−2.97 (0.46)^b	−2.26 (0.50)^ab	−2.80 (0.71)^ab	−1.26 (0.25)^a	−2.47 (0.46)^b	−1.59 (0.46)^ab	−1.88 (0.68)^ab
Model 2	[−0.36 (0.10)^a]	[−0.71 (0.11)^b]	[−0.54 (0.12)^ab]	[−0.67 (0.17)^ab]	[−0.30 (0.10)^a]	[−0.59 (0.11)^b]	[−0.38 (0.11)^ab]	[−0.45 (0.16)^ab]
Changes in body mass index (kg m⁻²)
Model 1	−3.85 (0.23)^a	−3.45 (0.29)^a	−4.10 (0.31)^ab	−5.58 (0.54)^b	−3.76 (0.28)^ab	−2.89 (0.34)^a	−4.02 (0.37)^ab	−5.41 (0.64)^b
Model 2	−3.21 (0.38)^a	−2.82 (0.40)^a	−3.41 (0.43)^ab	−4.99 (0.61)^b	−3.26 (0.45)^ab	−2.42 (0.48)^a	−3.55 (0.52)^ab	−5.00 (0.73)^b
Percent weight loss (%)
Model 1	−11.0 (0.66)^ab	−10.1 (0.81)^a	−11.4 (0.87)^ab	−15.2 (1.53)^b	−10.8 (0.76)^ab	−8.71 (0.94)^a	−11.1 (1.01)^ab	−14.9 (1.77)^b
Model 2	−9.17 (1.07)^a	−8.26 (1.12)^a	−9.32 (1.23)^ab	−13.5 (1.72)^b	−9.10 (1.24)^ab	−7.11 (1.31)^a	−9.35 (1.43)^ab	−13.5 (2.01)^b

Abbreviations: HED, high-energy-dense foods; LED, low-energy-dense foods. Group 1 is <6.6 LED foods and >2 HED foods per day at 6 months (n =75), Group 2 is <6.6 LED foods but ≤2 HED foods at 6 months (n = 50), Group 3 is ≥6.6 LED foods at 6 months but >2 HED foods (n = 44), and Group 4 is ≥6.6 LED foods and ≤2 HED foods at 6 months (n =14). Model 1 adjusts for age, sex and group. Model 2 adjusts for covariates in model 1 and education and race. Groups with different superscript letters under the same change period denote statistically significant differences in Tukey adjusted means (P<0.05).