Table 1.
Descriptive Data (N = 460)
| M | SD | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and pain variables | |||
| Age | 33.76 | 10.72 | |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| % White | 80.2 | ||
| % Black or African American | 5.9 | ||
| % Other | 13.9 | ||
| Sex (% female) | 56.3 | ||
| Marital status (% married) | 45.9 | ||
| Employment status (% employed) | 68.3 | ||
| Education (% college degree) | 49.1 | ||
| Pain intensity | 3.45 | 1.95 | |
| Pain duration | |||
| Less than 1 year | 17.0 | ||
| 1 to 4 years | 42.1 | ||
| More than 4 years | 40.9 | ||
| Pain location (% yes) | |||
| Joints | 80.6 | ||
| Back | 80.4 | ||
| Headache | 64.0 | ||
| Neck | 55.2 | ||
| Abdominal | 43.5 | ||
| Whole body | 29.6 | ||
| Chest | 19.0 | ||
| Facial | 13.7 | ||
| Mental health variables | |||
| PHQ-9 score | 8.23 | 6.65 | |
| PCL score | 38.55 | 17.95 | |
| MH composite score | 0.00 | 0.95 | |
| NPM use | |||
| Psychotherapy | 20.0 | ||
| Educational classes | 8.3 | ||
| Psychological treatment | 22.6 | ||
| Physical therapy | 37.0 | ||
| Exercise instruction or classes | 28.5 | ||
| Exercise/movement | 50.9 | ||
| Chiropractic | 23.5 | ||
| Acupuncture | 8.3 | ||
| Massage | 42.6 | ||
| Manual | 51.7 | ||
| Any of the above | 75.9 | ||
| # Of the above (range 0 to 7) | 1.68 | 1.51 | |
| Pain medication variables (reported use in the past week) | |||
| Opioid use | 20.7 | ||
| Herbal supplement use | 16.3 | ||
| Acetaminophen use | 42.6 | ||
| NSAID use | 62.0 | ||
| Tricyclic use | 1.7 | ||
| Muscle relaxant use | 8.5 | ||
| Anti-epileptic use | 6.1 | ||
| SNRI use | 3.7 | ||
| Use of any non-opioid pain medication | 72.4 | ||