Table 2.

Relationships Between NPM Use and Demographic/Clinical Variables

	Psychological/behavioral			Exercise/movement			Manual
	Y	N	p	Y	N	p	Y	N	p
Age	33.55	33.82	0.81	34.46	33.13	0.22	33.30	34.25	0.34
% White	72.12	82.58	0.02	82.05	78.32	0.32	76.89	83.78	0.06
% Female	52.88	57.30	0.42	61.54	50.88	0.02	58.82	53.60	0.26
% College degree	57.69	46.63	0.04	52.56	45.58	0.13	56.30	41.44	0.001
Pain severity	4.35	3.19	< 0.001	3.68	3.21	0.01	3.45	3.45	0.99
MH symptoms	0.75	− 0.22	< 0.001	0.05	− 0.05	0.24	− 0.01	0.01	0.80
% Opioids	32.69	17.13	0.001	24.36	16.81	0.046	21.85	19.37	0.51
% Non-opioids	80.77	69.94	0.03	79.91	64.60	< 0.001	76.47	68.02	0.04

Means and t tests reported for dichotomous/continuous variables. Percentages and Pearson chi square coefficients reported for dichotomous/dichotomous associations

Y yes, using NPM; N no, not using NPM; % Opioids % reporting opioid use in past week; % non-opioids % reporting using a non-opioid medication for pain in the past week