Table 3.
Group Differences Based on Level of Clinician-Directed Non-pharmacologic Pain Treatment Engagement
| None (n = 215) | Low Engagement (n = 177) | Moderate Engagement (n = 88) | High Engagement (n = 37) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||
| Age (mean) | 61.5 (10.9)a,b | 59.2 (11.5)a,b | 57.5 (10.1)a,b,c | 52.4 (12.7)c | †0.01 |
| Education status | 0.12 | ||||
| High school or less | 23% | 23% | 14% | 11% | |
| Some College or Technical school | 55% | 54% | 60% | 49% | |
| College graduate or more | 22% | 23% | 26% | 41% | |
| Marital status | 0.48 | ||||
| Never married | 7% | 6% | 8% | 8% | |
| Married/living with partner | 55% | 60% | 53% | 62% | |
| Divorced/separated | 26% | 29% | 30% | 27% | |
| Widowed | 12% | 7% | 9% | 3% | |
| Male gender | 49% | 52% | 56% | 68% | 0.20 |
| Clinical variables | |||||
| Opioid dose | 37.0 | 37.1 | 33.1 | 35.6 | 0.50 |
| Pain disability | 47.7a | 51.9a,b | 50.9a,b | 61.1b | *0.03 |
| Pain intensity | 61.4 | 62.5 | 62.8 | 67.9 | 0.08 |
| Depression | 9.4a | 9.2a,b | 9.5a,b | 12.2b | *0.03 |
| Anxiety scores | 6.7 | 6.3 | 6.9 | 9.1 | 0.08 |
| Pain-related self-efficacy | 36.1 | 35.9 | 35.9 | 30.9 | 0.15 |
| Hazardous alcohol use | 18.1% | 11.9% | 17.0% | 8.1% | 0.20 |
| Potential substance use disorder | 12.1% | 13.0% | 12.5% | 12.6% | 0.46 |
Scores in this table represent mean (SD) or proportion of the sample
Scores with different superscripts differed significantly on post hoc testing
*p < 0.05
†p < 0.01 level