Table 4.
Group Differences Based on Level of Self-directed Non-pharmacologic Pain Treatment Engagement
| None (n = 285) | Low Engagement (n = 109) | Moderate Engagement (n = 73) | High Engagement (n = 50) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic variables | |||||
| Age (mean) | 59.9 (11.5) | 59.0 (10.0) | 58.6 (12.3) | 58.3 (12.0) | 0.75 |
| Education status | 0.09 | ||||
| High school or less | 24% | 22% | 10% | 12% | |
| Some college or technical school | 54% | 51% | 60% | 62% | |
| College graduate or more | 22% | 27% | 30% | 26% | |
| Marital status | 0.96 | ||||
| Never married | 6% | 7% | 7% | 6% | |
| Married/living with partner | 57% | 54% | 63% | 56% | |
| Divorced/separated | 28% | 28% | 22% | 32% | |
| Widowed | 10% | 10% | 8% | 6% | |
| Male gender | 54% | 52% | 53% | 44% | 0.22 |
| Clinical variables | |||||
| Opioid dose | 35.9 | 36.0 | 35.2 | 40.5 | 0.32 |
| Pain disability | 49.0a | 50.5a,b | 51.6a,b | 59.4b | *0.04 |
| Pain intensity | 62.6 | 62.4 | 60.0 | 65.5 | 0.14 |
| Depression | 9.5 | 9.3 | 9.1 | 11.0 | 0.24 |
| Anxiety scores | 6.7 | 6.5 | 6.7 | 7.6 | 0.65 |
| Pain-related self-efficacy | 36.0 | 34.4 | 38.1 | 32.8 | 0.11 |
| Hazardous alcohol use | 14.7% | 12.8% | 21.9% | 12.0% | 0.32 |
| Potential substance use disorder | 17.5% | 15.6% | 23.3% | 10.0% | 0.27 |
Scores in this table represent mean (SD) or proportion of the sample
Scores with different superscripts differed significantly on post hoc testing
*p < 0.05