Table 5.
Multinomial Regression Analyses Examining Factors Associated with Use of Clinician-Directed and Self-directed Non-pharmacologic Pain Treatments (NPTs)
| Variables associated with clinician-directed NPT | Variables associated with self-directed NPT | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval | Odds ratio | 95% confidence interval |
| Site | 0.85 | 0.57–1.28 | 1.11 | 0.73–1.71 |
| Age | 0.97* | 0.96–0.98 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 |
| Female gender | 0.87 | 0.58–1.28 | 1.20 | 0.80–1.80 |
| Dose | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 |
| White race/ethnicity | 1.18 | 0.77–1.82 | 1.06 | 0.68–1.68 |
| Some college+ | 1.30 | 0.85–1.99 | 1.80* | 1.13–2.84 |
| College graduate or more+ | 1.56 | 0.96–2.56 | 2.02* | 1.20–3.40 |
| Pain disability | 1.01* | 1.00–1.02 | 1.01* | 1.01–1.02 |
| Depression severity | 1.00 | 0.97–1.04 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.04 |
| Self-efficacy for managing pain | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 |
+ = the reference group for this comparison was high school education or less
*p < 0.05