Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria  (1) Studies of adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain of at least a 3-month duration (or described as “chronic” by the study authors); if the study included multiple types of pain, at least 75% of the population must have had chronic musculoskeletal pain unless results were reported separately for the chronic musculoskeletal pain group  (2) Reporting on self-reported measures of pain intensity or pain-related functioning, limited to the following: Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) Hip Osteoarthritis Outcomes Scale (HOOS) Knee Osteoarthritis Outcomes Scale (KOOS) McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) Multidimensional Pain Inventory (MPI, WHYMPI) Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) PEG (assesses [P] pain intensity, [E] enjoyment of life, and [G] general activity) Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Pain Interference (PROMIS-PI) Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) SF-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS) Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) Wong Faces Scale  (3) Reporting any or all outcomes of interest: minimal important difference (primary outcome), responsiveness, validity (concurrent and/or discriminant), test-retest reliability Exclusion criteria  (1) Studies of patients with conditions often associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain unless the study specified that the patients had chronic musculoskeletal pain (e.g., radiologically defined osteoarthritis)  (2) Studies reporting on non-English language versions of the pain measures  (3) Trials of interventions for pain unless assessment of psychometric properties was noted in the abstract  (4) Studies of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, orofacial pain, or headache