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. 2018 Apr 16;9:1479. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03674-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — SphK1 is decreased in APP/PS1 mice neuron. a SphK1 (n = 6–7 per group) and SphK2 mRNA (n = 5–7 per group) and SphK activity (n = 6–7 per group) in cortex of brain. b Detection of sphingosine (n = 6–7 per group) and S1P (n = 6–7 per group) in brain. c SphK1 and SphK2 mRNA (n = 4 per group) and SphK activity (n = 4–10 per group) in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes isolated from mouse brain. d Detection of sphingosine (n = 4–8 per group) and S1P (n = 4–8 per group) in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes isolated from mouse brain. e Detection of SphK activity, sphingosine and S1P in neurons isolated from WT, SphK1^−/−, SphK2^−/− and SphK1 tg mouse brain (n = 4 per group). f Left, representative immunofluorescence images of cortex showing SphK1 (green) merged with neuron (NeuN, red). Scale bars, 20 μm. Right, quantification of neuronal SphK1 (n = 5 per group). g Western blotting for SphK1 in neuron isolated from mouse brain (n = 4 per group). All data analysis was performed on 9-month-old mice. a–g One-way analysis of variance, Tukey’s post hoc test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. All error bars indicate s.e.m.