Figure 1.

The systems way. Systems vaccinology has taken advantage of a number of different high-throughput technologies that enable multiparameter interrogation of blood, tissue, and fecal specimens. Many of these technologies are already used regularly, whereas others, such as microbiome sequencing and receptor repertoire sequencing, are just beginning to provide additional dimensions to data collection. New algorithms are also bringing better analytic, visualization, and interpretive power to these data sets. These computational tools can be implemented on a wide variety of platforms both locally and through cloud-based computing, and a number of new and improved databases are being built to help provide more standardization and global accessibility to raw data. CyTOF, Cytometry by time-of-flight; FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting; BCR, B-cell receptor; TCR, T-cell receptor; pMHC, peptide–major histocompatibility complex.