Table 1.
Sample Demographics Overall and in Comparison Between Minimally Verbal versus Verbal Youth with ASD
| Variable | Total sample (n=433) | MV (n=165) | V (n=268) | Analyses comparing MV & V samples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | t | p | Cohen’s d | |
| Age | 11.93 | 3.53 | 11.99 | 3.88 | 11.89 | 3.31 | 0.28 | .779 | 0.03 |
| ^ | 12.11 | 3.77 | 11.87 | 3.45 | |||||
| IQ, nonverbal | 79.20 | 28.95 | 53.48 | 19.72 | 94.67 | 21.71 | −15.59 | <.001 | −1.99 |
| ^ | 50.26 | 17.14 | 89.18 | 25.25 | |||||
| Income | 2.85 | 1.07 | 2.75 | 1.15 | 2.92 | 1.01 | −1.49 | .137 | −0.16 |
| Father Ed | 4.31 | 1.19 | 4.23 | 1.15 | 4.36 | 1.22 | −1.00 | .316 | −0.11 |
| Mother Ed | 4.16 | 1.18 | 4.08 | 1.09 | 4.20 | 1.23 | −1.00 | .316 | −0.10 |
| ADOS-2 CSS | 6.93 | 2.41 | 7.72 | 1.86 | 6.45 | 2.58 | 5.12 | <.001 | 0.57 |
| SCQ total | 20.19 | 8.21 | 24.82 | 7.04 | 17.29 | 7.54 | 10.04 | <.001 | 1.03 |
|
| |||||||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2 | p | OR | |
|
| |||||||||
| Gender (Male) | 347 | 80.1 | 128 | 77.6 | 219 | 81.7 | 1.10 | .294 | 0.77 |
| Informant (Mother) | 345 | 82.1 | 126 | 78.8 | 219 | 84.2 | 6.47 | .039 | 0.69 |
| Hispanic | 25 | 5.9 | 9 | 5.7 | 16 | 6.1 | 0.03 | .858 | 0.93 |
| African American | 39 | 9.0 | 22 | 13.3 | 17 | 6.4 | 6.03 | .014 | 2.26 |
| Asian | 16 | 3.7 | 5 | 3.0 | 11 | 4.1 | 0.34 | .560 | 0.73 |
| White | 359 | 83.1 | 127 | 77.0 | 232 | 86.9 | 7.15 | .008 | 0.50 |
Note. ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder. MV = Minimally-verbal. V = Verbal. IQ = Intelligence quotient. Income: 1 = Less than $20,000; 2 = $20,000 to $70,000; 3 = $40,000 to $70,000; 4 = Over $70,000. Father/Mother Ed = Father/Mother’s highest level of education: 1 = Less than 8th grade; 2 = Some high school; 3 = Finished high school (or equivalent); 4 = Some college or AA degree; 5 = Bachelor’s degree (BA, BS); 6 = Post-graduate degree. ADOS-2 CSS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Calibrated Severity Score. SCQ = Social Communication Questionnaire. Minimally-verbal participants exhibited lower nonverbal/performance IQ and higher ADOS CSS and SCQ scores than verbal participants. They were also less likely to have their mother be the informant on the extant measures, more likely to be African American, and less likely to be White than verbal participants.
values for the comparison in which MV is defined as requiring ADOS-2 Module 1 only.
Age range: 4 – 20 for MV and 5 – 18 for V groups; 4 – 20 for MV and 5 – 19 for V groups using the ADOS-2 Module 1 only cutoff.
Nonverbal IQ range: 30 – 123 for MV and 33 – 145 for V groups; 30 – 99 for MV and 31 – 145 for V groups using the ADOS-2 Module 1 only cutoff.