Table 2.
Psychiatric Comorbidities in Minimally-Verbal versus Verbal Youth with ASD
| Disorder | Total (n=433) | MV (n=165) | V (n =268) | Analyses comparing MV & V samples | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Severity | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | B | p | partial η2 (95% CI) |
| ADHD-I | 17.37 | 5.95 | 17.48 | 5.89 | 17.30 | 6.00 | 0.18 | .766 | .000 (−1.0–1.3) |
| ADHD-HI | 13.99 | 6.72 | 14.92 | 5.62 | 13.41 | 7.27 | 1.50 | .024 | .012 (0.2–2.8) |
| ADHD-Co | 31.36 | 11.13 | 32.39 | 9.89 | 30.72 | 11.81 | 1.68 | .128 | .005 (−0.5–3.8) |
| ODD | 12.02 | 6.64 | 9.68 | 5.22 | 13.48 | 7.01 | −3.80 | <.001a, b, c | .077 (−5.0–−2.6) |
| GAD | 10.15 | 5.02 | 9.54 | 4.26 | 10.52 | 5.40 | −0.99 | .047a, c | .009 (−2.0–−0.0) |
| SocAnx | 2.39 | 2.12 | 2.33 | 2.02 | 2.43 | 2.18 | −0.10 | .637 | .001 (−0.5–0.3) |
| SAD | 3.72 | 4.47 | 3.30 | 3.74 | 3.97 | 4.84 | −0.68 | .128 | .005 (−1.6–0.2) |
| MDE | 7.84 | 5.58 | 6.89 | 4.41 | 8.42 | 6.12 | −1.53 | .006a, c | .018 (−2.6–−0.5) |
| Dysthymia | 6.68 | 4.78 | 5.34 | 3.38 | 7.51 | 5.30 | −2.17 | <.001a, c | .049 (−3.1–−1.3) |
| ME | 7.23 | 6.09 | 7.34 | 5.42 | 7.17 | 6.47 | 0.17 | .785 | .000 (−1.0–1.4) |
| Schizophr | 3.60 | 3.35 | 3.58 | 3.02 | 3.61 | 3.55 | −0.04 | .916 | .000 (−0.7–0.6) |
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| Symptom count | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | B | p | partial η2 (95% CI) |
|
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| ADHD-I | 5.91 | 2.80 | 5.90 | 2.75 | 5.91 | 2.84 | −0.01 | .980 | .000 (−0.5–0.5) |
| ADHD-HI | 4.56 | 2.82 | 5.00 | 2.47 | 4.30 | 3.00 | 0.70 | .012 | .015 (0.2 – 1.3) |
| ADHD-Co | 10.47 | 4.91 | 10.90 | 4.54 | 10.21 | 5.12 | 0.70 | .152 | .005 (−0.3–1.7) |
| ODD | 3.90 | 2.86 | 3.02 | 2.26 | 4.45 | 3.05 | −1.43 | <.001a, b, c | .059 (−2.0–−0.9) |
| GAD | 3.15 | 2.16 | 2.93 | 1.84 | 3.29 | 2.32 | −0.36 | .095 | .006 (−0.8–0.1) |
| SocAnx | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 0.69 | 0.85 | −0.06 | .487 | .001 (−0.2–0.1) |
| SAD | 0.99 | 1.59 | 0.85 | 1.36 | 1.07 | 1.71 | −0.23 | .148 | .005 (−0.5–0.1) |
| MDE | 2.13 | 2.22 | 1.76 | 1.77 | 2.36 | 2.42 | −0.59 | .007a, c | .017 (−1.0–−0.2) |
| Dysthymia | 1.90 | 1.94 | 1.37 | 1.34 | 2.23 | 2.17 | −0.86 | <.001a, c | .046 (−1.2–−0.5) |
| ME | 2.05 | 2.37 | 2.01 | 2.24 | 2.07 | 2.45 | −0.07 | .783 | .000 (−0.5–0.4) |
| Schizophr | 1.00 | 1.30 | 1.09 | 1.26 | 0.95 | 1.32 | 0.14 | .263 | .003 (−0.1–0.4) |
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| Impairment | n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2 | p | OR (95% CI) |
|
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| ADHD | 311 | 77.8 | 127 | 81.4 | 184 | 75.4 | 1.98 | .159 | 1.43 (0.9–2.3) |
| ODD | 251 | 63.4 | 89 | 58.6 | 162 | 66.4 | 2.48 | .115 | 0.72 (0.5–1.1) |
| GAD | 208 | 52.8 | 84 | 54.9 | 124 | 51.5 | 0.45 | .504 | 1.15 (0.8–1.7) |
| SocAnx | 133 | 33.6 | 51 | 34.0 | 82 | 33.3 | 0.02 | .892 | 1.03 (0.7–1.6) |
| SAD | 60 | 15.0 | 23 | 14.9 | 37 | 15.0 | 0.00 | .990 | 0.99 (0.6–1.8) |
| MDE/Dys | 98 | 24.6 | 15 | 9.9 | 83 | 33.6 | 28.29 | <.001a, b, c | 0.22 (0.1–0.4) |
| ME | 149 | 37.6 | 55 | 36.7 | 94 | 38.2 | 0.10 | .758 | 0.94 (0.6–1.4) |
| Schizophr | 127 | 31.9 | 54 | 35.5 | 73 | 29.7 | 1.48 | .224 | 1.31 (0.8–2.0) |
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| Clinical cutoff | n | % | n | % | n | % | χ2 | p | OR (95% CI) |
|
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| ADHD-I | 239 | 59.8 | 94 | 60.3 | 145 | 59.4 | 0.03 | .869 | 1.03 (0.7–1.6) |
| ADHD-HI | 169 | 42.3 | 78 | 50.0 | 91 | 37.3 | 6.30 | .012 | 1.68 (1.1–2.5) |
| ADHD-Co | 146 | 36.5 | 66 | 42.3 | 80 | 32.8 | 3.72 | .054 | 1.50 (1.0–2.3) |
| ODD | 205 | 51.8 | 60 | 39.5 | 145 | 59.4 | 14.93 | <.001a, b, c | 0.45 (0.3–0.7) |
| GAD | 98 | 24.9 | 25 | 16.3 | 73 | 30.3 | 9.75 | .002a, c | 0.45 (0.3–0.7) |
| SocAnx | 56 | 14.1 | 18 | 12.0 | 38 | 15.4 | 0.91 | .340 | 0.75 (0.4–1.4) |
| SAD | 42 | 10.5 | 12 | 7.8 | 30 | 12.1 | 1.92 | .166 | 0.61 (0.3–1.2) |
| MDE | 19 | 4.8 | 0 | 0.0 | 19 | 7.7 | 12.20 | <.001 | 0.00 (N/A) |
| Dysthymia | 61 | 15.3 | 7 | 4.6 | 54 | 21.9 | 21.43 | <.001a, c | 0.17 (0.1–0.4) |
| ME | 71 | 17.9 | 25 | 16.7 | 46 | 18.7 | 0.26 | .609 | 0.87 (0.5–1.5) |
| Schizophr | 20 | 5.0 | 5 | 3.3 | 15 | 6.1 | 1.55 | .213 | 0.52 (0.2–1.5) |
Note. ASD = Autism Spectrum Disorder. MV = Minimally-verbal. V = Verbal. IQ = Intelligence quotient. ADOS-2 CSS = Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Calibrated Severity Score. ADHD = Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. ADHD-I = ADHD – Inattentive Type. ADHD-HI = ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive type. ADHD-Co = ADHD – Combined. ODD = Oppositional Defiant Disorder. GAD = Generalized Anxiety Disorder. SAD = Separation Anxiety Disorder. MDE = Major Depressive Disorder. ME = Manic Episode. Schizophr = Schizophrenia.
Significant at p < .05 when controlling for clinic (inpatient vs. outpatient) group, nonverbal IQ, age, and ADOS CSS.
Among those variables meeting criteria for a, also significant at p < .05 when using ADOS Module 1 only as the threshold for MV.
Among those variables meeting criteria for a, also significant at p < .05 after controlling for differences in African-American racial distribution across groups.