Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, Year, Country | Study design, duration of study (months) | No. of type 2 diabetes patients (n), Lost to follow-up (n), mean age in years (SD), Gender (%) Female, Duration of type 2 diabetes in years (SD) | Pharmacist intervention | Control | Characteristics of pharmacist intervention | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Education about diabetes & its complications | Self- management education | Counseling for medication use | Medication adherence counseling | Pharmaceutical Care | Provision of written educational material | Provision of free glucometer &/pill counter | Education on life style modification | Provision of SMBG data entry log book | SMBG education | |||||
| (Ahmad et al., 2015), Sudan | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 200/100 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 3/3 Age (IG/CG): not mentioned Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 39.5/41 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): | Pharmacist-led pharmaceutical care | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Al Mazroui et al., 2009), United Arab Emirates | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 120/120 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 3/3 Age (IG/CG): 48.7 (8.2) /49.9 (8.3) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 30/31.7 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):6.1 (2.9)/6.2 (2.7) | Pharmaceutical care programme | Usual care from medical and nursing staff | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
| (Ali et al., 2012), United Kingdom | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 25/23 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 2/0 Age (IG/CG): 66.4 (12.7)/66.8 (10.2) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 56.5/43.5 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):7.5 (4.8)/6.8 (3.5) | Pharmaceutical care | Usual care | x | x | ||||||||
| (Armour et al., 2004), Australia | Cluster RCT, 9 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 106/82 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 64 (9) / 65 (10) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 65/49 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): Not mentioned | Community Pharmacist delivered interventions | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Butt et al., 2016), Malaysia | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 33/33 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 4/3 Age (IG/CG): 57.42 ± 7.17/57.12 ± 10.78 Gender (IG/CG): 60.6/57.6 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Patient Education by Pharmacist Programme | Usual care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Cani et al., 2015), Brazil | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 37/41 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 3/5 Age (IG/CG): 61.91 (9.58) / 61.58 (8.14) Gender (IG/CG): 61.7/61.1 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):14.56 (7.40)/14.92 (8.49) | Individualized pharmacotherapeutic care plan | Standard care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Castejón et al., 2014), USA | Parallel RCT, 5 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 19/24 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 54 (9)/55 (10) Gender (IG/CG):36.8/20.8 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist counseling sessions | Usual care | x | |||||||||
| (Chan et al., 2012), Hong Kong | Parallel RCT, 9 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 51/54 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 0/0 Age (IG/CG): 63.2 (9.5)/ 61.7 (11.2) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 41.2/48.1 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):14.9 (5.6)/13.8 (6.8) | Pharmacist Care Program | Routine medical care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Chen et al., 2016), Taiwan | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 50/50 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 0/0 Age (IG/CG):72.16 (6.6)/72.76 (5.9) Gender (IG/CG): 50/50 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmaceutical care | Usual care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Hayward et al., 2005), USA | Parallel RCT, 24 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 41/39 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 5/10 Age (IG/CG): 52.2 ± 11.2/51.0 ± 9.0 Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 41.2/43.9 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Clinical pharmacist led diabetes self-management education | Usual care | x | x | ||||||||
| (Chow et al., 2015), Malaysia | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 75/75 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 25/7 Age (IG/CG): not mentioned Gender (IG/CG): 64/62.7 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):8.3 ± 4.10/8.90 ± 6.00 | Pharmacist-led patient education | Usual care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Chung et al., 2014), Malaysia | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 120/121 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): Not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 59.7 (9.5)/ 58.5 (8.3) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 58.3/53.7 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):16.3 (8)/16.3 (8) | Pharmaceutical care model | Standard primary care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Clifford et al., 2005), Australia | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 99/99 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 7/11 Age (IG/CG): 70.5 (7.1)/70.3 (8.3) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 42.2/43.2 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):10.0 /8.0 | Pharmaceutical care program | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Cohen et al., 2011), USA | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 53/50 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 5/2 Age (IG/CG):69.8 (10.7)/67.2 (9.4) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 0/4 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): Not mentioned | Pharmacist-led group medical visit program | Standard primary care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Doucette et al., 2009), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 36/42 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 5/7 Age (IG/CG): 58.7 (13.3)/ 61.2 (10.9) Gender (IG/CG): 61.8/53.7 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmaceutical Care | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Farsaei et al., 2011), Iran | Parallel RCT, 3 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 87/87 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): Not mentioned Age (IG/CG):53.4 (9.8)/52.9 (8.5) Gender (IG/CG) female (%):63.2/68.2 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):10.8 (5.3)/10.3 (8.2) | Clinical pharmacist-led patient education program | General education offered by the nursing staff | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Fornos et al., 2006), Spain | Parallel RCT, 13 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 58/56 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 2/0 Age (IG/CG): 62.4 (10.5)/ 64.9 (10.9) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 57.1/57.1 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacotherapy Program | Usual care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Jameson and Baty, 2010), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 52/51 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 49.3 (10.8)/49.7 (10.9) Gender (IG/CG): 51.1/51 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist management of diabetes | Usual care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Jacobs et al., 2012), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 195/201 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 22/24 Age (IG/CG): 62.7 ± 10.8/63.0 ± 11.2 Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 32/45 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist Assisted Medication Program Enhancing the Regulation of Diabetes | Usual care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Jahangard-Rafsanjani et al., 2015), Iran | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 51/50 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 6/10 Age (IG/CG): 57.3 (8.6)/ 55.9 (8.7) Female Gender (IG/CG): 49/52 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):4.6 (4.3)/5.7 (5.9) | Diabetes Education Program | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| (Jarab et al., 2012), Jordan | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 85/86 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 8/7 Age (IG/CG): 63.4 [10.1]/65.3 [9.2] Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 36/38 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):9.7 (7.4)/10.1 (7.7) | Comprehensive clinical pharmacy service | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| (Kang et al., 2010), Taiwan | Parallel RCT, | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 33/34 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 5/6 (IG/CG): 55.3 (7.7)/ 51.7 (8.5) Gender (IG/CG): 42.8/50 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):3.8 (3.2)/4.4 (3.0) | Family partnership intervention care (FPIC) | Conventional care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Ko et al., 2007), South Korea | Parallel RCT, 48 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 219/218 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 49/70 Age (IG/CG):53.3 ± 9.3/54.1 ± 7.4 Gender (IG/CG): 58/54.2 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): 6.0 ± 6.0/6.2 ± 5.5 | Structured intensive diabetes education programme | Standard care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Korcegez et al., 2017), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 79/80 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 4/3 Age (IG/CG): 61.80 ± 10.38/ 62.22 ± 9.54 Gender (IG/CG) female (%):: 77.3/74 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist-Led Program | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| (Krass et al., 2007), Australia | Cluster RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 176/159 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 33/39 Age (IG/CG): 62 (11)/62 (11) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 49/49 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Community pharmacy diabetes service model | Usual care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Lim et al., 2016), Malaysia | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 50/50 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 11/13 Age (IG/CG): 55.62 (1.49)/ 57.00 (1.56) Gender (IG/CG): 53.8/54.1 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Diabetes Medication Therapy Adherence Clinic | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| Mahwi and Obied 2013, Iraq | Parallel RCT, 4 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 65/65 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): Age (IG/CG): 52 ± 7.86/53.4 ± 10.81 Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 71/67.2 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):4.12± 3.42/5.09± 4.42 | Pharmaceutical care program | Traditional medical care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Mehuys et al., 2011), Belgium | Cluster RCT, 24 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 153/135 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 5/3 Age (IG/CG): 63.0 (40–84)/ 62.3 (45–79) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 49/ 46.3 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Standard diabetes education program | Usual pharmacist care | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Mourão et al., 2013), Brazil | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 65/64 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 25/24 Age (IG/CG): 60.0 (10.2)/61.3 (9.9) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 68/66 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmaceutical care program | Usual health care | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| (Nascimentoa et al., 2016), Spain | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 44/43 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 0/0 Age (IG/CG): 74.2 (5.4)/72.3 (4.5) Gender (IG/CG): 43.2/41.9 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): 10.4 (6.9) / 14.7 (8.5) | Individualized pharmacotherapy management service | x | x | |||||||||
| (Odegard et al., 2005), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 43/34 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 4/7 Age (IG/CG):51.6 (11.6)/51.9 (10.4) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 48/38 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):6.9 (5.3)/8.3 (7.5) | Diabetes Care Plan | Usual care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Rothman et al., 2005), USA | Parallel RCT, 12 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 112/105 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 13/10 Age (IG/CG): 46.1 /42.3 Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 56/56 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):8 (9)/9 (9) | Pharmacist-led, primary care–based, disease management program | Usual care | x | x | x | |||||||
| (Samtia et al., 2013), Pakistan | Parallel RCT, 5 | Age (IG/CG): 46.1 (23-74)/ 42.3 (21–77) Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 4/2 Age (IG/CG): 54 (13) /57 (11) Gender (IG/CG): 47.2/51.2 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Multifactorial Intervention | x | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| (Sarkadi and Rosenqvist, 2004), Sweden | Parallel RCT, 24 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 39/38 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 6/7 Age (IG/CG):66.4 (7.9)/66.5 (10.7) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): not mentioned Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):5.9 (5.8)/2.6 (2.2) | Pharmacist-led educational program | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| Scott et al. 2006, USA | Parallel RCT, 9 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 76/73 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 12/6 Age (IG/CG): not mentioned Gender (IG/CG): 57.9/64.4 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist-managed diabetes care services | Usual care | x | x | ||||||||
| (Shao et al., 2017), China | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 120/120 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 20/21 Age (IG/CG): 58.86 ± 10.59/59.20 ± 10.34 Gender (IG/CG): 49/42.5 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmaceutical care | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Siaw et al., 2017), Singapore | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 214/197 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): Age (IG/CG):59.2 ± 8.2/60.1 ± 8.1 Gender (IG/CG): 47.7/39.1 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):12.7 ± 9.1/13.5 ± 8.9 | Multidisciplinary collaborative care | Usual care -physician-centered care | x | x | ||||||||
| (Sriram et al., 2011), India | Parallel RCT, 8 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 60/60 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 53.65 (2.38) / 57.98 (2.62) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 50/50 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmaceutical care | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Suppapitiporn et al., 2005), Thailand | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 180/180 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): not mentioned Age (IG/CG): 61.4 (10.6)/59.9 (11.5) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 67.2/64.4 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Disease counseling and education + diabetic information booklet + special medication container | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
| (Taveira et al., 2010), USA | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 64/54 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 6/3 Age (IG/CG):62.2 (10.3)/66.8 (10.2) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 8.6/0 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Pharmacist-led group medical visit program | Usual care | x | x | ||||||||
| (Taylor et al., 2005), Australia | Parallel RCT, 9 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 53/46 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): Age (IG/CG):65 / 66 Gender (IG/CG): 54.7/56.5 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Specialized service | Usual care | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
| (Tourkmani et al., 2016), Saudi Arabia | Parallel RCT, 9 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 140/122 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 73/8 Age (IG/CG):55.12 (12.76)/56.06 (11.08) Gender (IG/CG): 60/66.4 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG): not mentioned | Ramadan focused education program | Standard diabetic care | x | x | x | x | x | |||||
| (Wishah et al., 2015), Jordan | Parallel RCT, 6 | No. of Patients (IG/CG): 52/54 Loss to follow-up (IG/CG): 2/3 Age (IG/CG): 52.9 (9.6)/53.2 (11.2) Gender (IG/CG) female (%): 61.5/51.9 Duration of T2DM (IG/CG):5.5 (4.5)/5.1 (4.9) | Pharmaceutical care interventions developed by the clinical pharmacist | Usual care provided by the medical and nursing staff | x | x | x | x | x | x | ||||
IG, Intervention group; CG, control group; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; SD, Standard deviation.