Table 1.
Descriptive statistics (in percentage values, unless otherwise specified) of individual and neighborhood characteristics of NSHAP study participants by tertiles of greennessa
| Characteristic | Greenness | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3rd tertile (Greenest) | 2nd tertile | 1st tertile (Least green) | p-value | |
| No. of participants | 2106 | 2140 | 2133 | |
| Age (year, mean ± SD) | 70.2 ± 7.9 | 71.1 ± 8.1 | 71.5 ± 8.3 | |
| Male (%) | 48.9 | 44.8 | 47.1 | 0.0275 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| White | 82.3 | 72.6 | 58.1 | < 0.0001 |
| Black | 14.8 | 17.3 | 16.6 | |
| Hispanic non-black | 1.6 | 8.3 | 21.5 | |
| Other | 1.3 | 1.9 | 3.8 | |
| BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) | 29.2 ± 6.1 | 29.5 ± 6.1 | 29.3 ± 6.2 | |
| Current smoking (%) | 13.6 | 14.4 | 14.0 | 0.7463 |
| Physically active (≥1 times per week, %) | 69.6 | 64.0 | 64.5 | 0.0001 |
| Socioeconomic status | ||||
| Education attainment (%) | ||||
| College degree or greater | 28.9 | 22.1 | 18.9 | < 0.0001 |
| High school or vocational school | 55.1 | 57.3 | 54.6 | |
| Less than high school | 16.0 | 20.6 | 26.5 | |
| Family income ($ in thousands, mean ± SD) | 61.6 ± 73.1 | 53.2 ± 70.2 | 49.7 ± 70.3 | |
| Median household incomeb ($ in thousands, mean ± SD) | 59.7 ± 28.3 | 54.2 ± 25.6 | 50.2 ± 23.9 | |
| Diabetes (%) | 22.0 | 23.7 | 21.9 | 0.2861 |
| Hypertension (%) | 57.4 | 62.1 | 59.2 | 0.0065 |
| Stroke (%) | 8.9 | 9.9 | 8.6 | 0.3351 |
| Heart failure (%) | 6.8 | 8.0 | 6.3 | 0.0726 |
| Respiratory illness (%) | 17.6 | 15.9 | 15.2 | 0.0951 |
| Lonely (≥80th percentile, %) | 23.4 | 26.6 | 24.4 | 0.0495 |
| Social support (socializing ≥1 per month, %) | 49.9 | 46.5 | 43.4 | 0.0001 |
| Much difficulty get-up-and-go (≥2 score, %) | 22.6 | 22.7 | 23.1 | 0.9160 |
| Perceived stress score (mean ± SD) | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 2.8 ± 2.5 | |
| Anxiety score (mean ± SD) | 4.0 ± 3.4 | 4.3 ± 3.5 | 4.3 ± 3.5 | |
| Depressive score (mean ± SD) | 5.0 ± 4.8 | 5.4 ± 5.1 | 5.5 ± 5.2 | |
| Resided in MSA (%) | 88.0 | 85.9 | 88.8 | 0.0122 |
| Distance to A1–A3 roadway (%) | ||||
| 0–49 m | 14.8 | 14.8 | 18.7 | < 0.0001 |
| 50–199 m | 17.0 | 26.3 | 33.3 | |
| ≥ 200 m | 68.3 | 58.9 | 48.1 | |
| Urbanicity (%, mean ± SD) | 30.8 ± 26.2 | 52.1 ± 29.1 | 63.5 ± 32.0 | |
| Temperature annual (ºC, mean ± SD) | 18.5 ± 8.1 | 17.3 ± 8.9 | 16.4 ± 9.8 | |
| PM2.5 annual concentration (μg/m3, mean ± SD) | 11.4 ± 4.2 | 10.3 ± 4.1 | 9.9 ± 3.9 | |
a2,261 participants were in both wave 1 and wave 2; 744 participants were in wave 1 only; 1,113 were in wave 2 only
bEstimated for census tract of residence using data from the US Census Bureau (2000). Abbreviations: SD refers to standard deviation; BMI refers to body mass index; NDVI refers to the normalized difference vegetation index; MSA refers to metropolitan statistical area; PM2.5 refers to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micro or less