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Samples of errors in the five-character kana nonword writing test. Correct answers were illustrated as print characters. Pronunciation of the kana nonword was expressed, with each character being connected with a hyphen (in parenthesis). A phonological error denotes the substitution of another kana character due to consonant change (り[ri] → き[ki]) or vowel change (い[i] → え[e]). A transposition error denotes changing the sequential order of two kana characters (にみ[nimi] → みに[mini]).
