Table 3.
Specific neuropsychological tests: calculation, reading, and writing
| Onset | 6–10 months | Controlsa |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean score (SD) | mean time (SD) | ||||
| Calculation (follow-up 8 months after onset) | |||||
| Mental arithmetic (/40) | 38 (68)b | 40 (99) | 36.25 (2.73) | ||
| Dictated calculation (/40) | 40 (>55) | 40 (>55) | 39.25 (0.96) | ||
| Scientific calculator (/40) | 39 (<10) | 40 (>19) | 39.83 (0.97) | ||
| Reading and writing (follow-up 10 months after onset) | |||||
| Kanji reading (/100) | 100 (>9) | 100 (>9) | 99.6 (1.2) | 1 min 32 s (32 s) | |
| 2 min 11 s (91) | 60 s (9) | ||||
| Kana reading (/100) | 99 (90) | 100 (99) | 99.6 (0.5) | 1 min 13 s (24 s) | |
| 1 min 16 s (64) | 51 s (15) | ||||
| Kanji writing (/100) | 100 (99) | 99 (90) | 95.9 (3.0) | 10 min 11 s (136 s) | |
| 8 min 47 s (27) | 7 min 21 s (12) | ||||
| Kana writing (/100) | 100 (>40) | 100 (>40) | 99.3 (0.9) | 8 min 7 s (107 s) | |
| 6 min 52 s (27) | 5 min 59 s (14) | ||||
| Writing (follow-up 6 months after onset) | |||||
| Three-character kana words (/50) | 50 (10) | ||||
| 4 min 24 s (71) | nd | 49.7 (0.9) | 3 min 50 s (66 s) | ||
| Three-character kana nonwords (/50) | 50 (60) | ||||
| 5 min 12 s (70) | nd | 48.9 (1.3) | 4 min 6 s (76 s) | ||
| Five-character kana words (/50) | 50 (>44) | ||||
| 6 min 3 s (67) | nd | 49.5 (0.7) | 6 min 4 s (89 s) | ||
| Five-character kana nonwords (/50) | 40 (90)c | 37 (77)d | 36.2 (5.3) | 7 min 49 s (117 s) | |
| 9 min 31 s (83) | 7 min 28 s (41) | ||||
Data are presented as raw score and time (percentile).
Healthy controls: calculation, n = 12 (7 men and 5 women), age range: 64–80 years, mean: 67 years; reading and writing (100 words), n = 11 (10 men and 1 woman), age range: 61–78 years, mean: 68 years; writing (50 three-character words), n = 11 (6 men and 5 women), age range: 65–86 years, mean: 73 years; writing (50 five-character words), n = 10 (4 men and 6 women), age range: 71–80 years, mean: 74 years; all with 9 or more years of education and no past history of neurologic illness.
Errors included 1 subtraction (97 – 6 = 92) and 1 division (68 ÷ 2 = 39) task.
Errors consisted of 9 phonological errors (consonant change 8, vowel change 1) and 1 transposition (the order of successive two-letter sequences is transposed with each other). See Figure 3, for examples.
The score and time improved to 47 (99 percentile) and 6 min 37 s (33 percentile) at 1 year after onset. nd, not done.