Table 2.
Laboratory parameters of the study groups.
| Variables | Control group (n = 40) | Diabetic groups | P values | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal albuminuria | Microalbuminuria | Macroalbuminuria | |||
| (n = 40) | (n = 40) | (n = 40) | |||
| Lipid profile | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 4.8 ± 1.5 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 4.6 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 0.289 |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 1.0 | 0.196 |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 6.9 ± 24.5 | 3.3 ± 0.6 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 1.12 ± 0.4 | 0.417 |
| Total triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.3 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 2.7 ± 0.9 b c | <0.001 |
| Diabetic assessment | |||||
| FBS (mmol/l) | 5.5 ± 5.9 | 7.9 ± 5.3 | 12.1 ± 16.7a | 11.8 ± 4.1a,b | 0.004 |
| HbA1c (%) | 4.7 ± 0.4 | 7.2 ± 0.7a | 7.5 ± 1.4a | 9.4 ± 0.8a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/l) | 9.6 ± 5.0 | 25.3 ± 10.4a | 32.3 ± 14.4a,b | 37.8 ± 16.8a,b | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR index | 0.15 ± 0.25 | 0.8 ± 1.2a | 0.4 ± 0.3b | 0.7 ± 0.4a | <0.001 |
| Total protein (gm/l) | 74.2 ± 10.4 | 73.9 ± 3.2 | 70.7 ± 4.2 | 71.9 ± 5.5 | 0.052 |
| Serum albumin (gm/l) | 47.7 ± 7.7 | 35.0 ± 3.3a | 34.1 ± 2.4a | 34.4 ± 2.5a | <0.001 |
| Renal function tests | |||||
| Serum urea (mmol/l) | 3.5 ± 1.1 | 4.6 ± 1.0a | 4.5 ± 0.9a | 4.5 ± 1.4a | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/l) | 57.7 ± 12.5 | 56.2 ± 16.0 | 59.1 ± 9.8 | 69.2 ± 16.6a,b,c | <0.001 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio (μg/mg) | 16.7 ± 8.7 | 10.5 ± 7.8 | 77.5 ± 65.5 | 803.5 ± 355a,b,c | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 102.4 ± 17.6 | 111.2 ± 36.6 | 107.9 ± 17.2 | 113.3 ± 22.9 | 0.232 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||||
| hs-CRP (mg/l) | 0.12 ± 0.08 | 0.17 ± 0.05a | 0.17 ± 0.04a | 0.15 ± 0.02a,b,c | <0.001 |
| VDBP analyses | |||||
| sVDBP (μg/ml) | 210.3 ± 33.8 | 202.4 ± 43.9 | 248.4 ± 36.5a,b | 299.2 ± 50.6a,b,c | <0.001 |
| uVDBP/uCr (ng/mg) | 127.7 ± 21.9 | 193.1 ± 141.0 | 820.4 ± 402.8a,b | 1458.1 ± 210a,b,c | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean ± SD. HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; FBS: fasting blood sugar; HBA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HOMA: homeostasis model assessment; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein. aCompared to control group. bCompared to diabetic normal albuminuria group. cCompared to diabetic microalbuminuria group. Bold values indicate significance at P < 0.05.