Table 2. Comparison of Intensity of Post Laparoscopic Shoulder Pain, Mean Arterial Blood Pressure, and Heart Rate in Phases of the Study Between Clonidine and Placebo Groups^a.

Variable	Phase	Clonidine	Placebo	P Valueb
Post laparoscopic shoulder pain	After emergence from anesthesia	6.4 ± 1.9	7.4 ± 0.6	0.012
	4 hours after operation	5.1 ± 2.1	6.6 ± 1.2	0.001
	8 hours after operation	3.5 ± 2.2	5.4 ± 2.1	0.001
Mean arterial blood pressure	Basal time	87.0 ± 6.2	89.8 ± 4.3	0.058
	After emergence from anesthesia	82.2 ± 10.3	87.6 ± 8.7	0.031
	4 hours after operation	83.0 ± 11.3	86.1 ± 8.4	0.234
	8 hours after operation	81.1 ± 11.9	85.7 ± 6.9	0.076
Heart rate	Basal time	72.3 ± 7.2	74.4 ± 7.2	0.275
	After emergence from anesthesia	83.2 ± 14.0	85.9 ± 9.9	0.395
	4 hours after operation	78.6 ± 11.5	83.8 ± 9.7	0.062
	8 hours after operation	77.2 ± 10.3	82.2 ± 6.5	0.029

^aValues are expressed as mean ± SD.

^bIndependent t-test.