Table 4.
Impact of oral hygiene and dental care on head and neck cancer risk according to potential confounders
|
Age
|
Sex
|
Smoking status
|
Drinking status
|
Study center
|
||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
18-54 years
|
55-85 years
|
Male
|
Female
|
Never
|
Ever
|
Never
|
Ever
|
Main land
|
Taiwan
|
|||||||||||
| Variables | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI |
| Frequency of teeth cleaning | ||||||||||||||||||||
| >1 time/day | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| ≤1 time/day | 1.48 | 1.05-2.09 | 0.92 | 0.65-1.31 | 1.17 | 0.88-1.57 | 1.20 | 0.76-1.91 | 1.05 | 0.74-1.49 | 1.24 | 0.88-1.75 | 1.34 | 0.99-1.82 | 0.87 | 0.58-1.31 | 0.94 | 0.69-1.29 | 1.79 | 1.18-2.71 |
| Pfor heterogeneity | 0.129 | 0.650 | 0.420 | 0.046 | 0.029 | |||||||||||||||
| Number of missing teeth | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <5 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| ≥ 5 | 1.39 | 0.72-2.72 | 1.66 | 1.16-2.37 | 1.36 | 0.93-1.99 | 1.91 | 1.04-3.52 | 2.05 | 1.28-3.28 | 1.09 | 0.70-1.68 | 1.30 | 0.88-1.93 | 2.09 | 1.18-3.72 | 1.41 | 0.90-2.21 | 1.68 | 1.03-2.71 |
| Pfor heterogeneity | 0.792 | 0.107 | 0.009 | 0.207 | 0.726 | |||||||||||||||
| Denture use | ||||||||||||||||||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| Yes | 1.49 | 0.80-2.79 | 1.30 | 0.91-1.86 | 1.18 | 0.81-1.73 | 1.42 | 0.82-2.45 | 1.37 | 0.89-2.11 | 1.18 | 0.75-1.84 | 0.97 | 0.66-1.44 | 2.14 | 1.23-3.71 | 1.36 | 0.93-1.99 | 1.19 | 0.67-2.14 |
| Pfor heterogeneity | 0.708 | 0.338 | 0.372 | 0.017 | 0.244 | |||||||||||||||
| Frequency of dental visits | ||||||||||||||||||||
| ≥1 time/year | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 1 time/2-4 years | 2.23 | 1.18-4.23 | 1.57 | 0.85-2.91 | 2.70 | 1.55-4.70 | 0.78 | 0.36-1.71 | 1.15 | 0.62-2.11 | 2.80 | 1.45-5.39 | 1.63 | 0.98-2.71 | 1.93 | 0.80-4.67 | 0.65 | 0.30-1.41 | 2.57 | 1.43-4.62 |
| 1 time/≥5 years | 2.91 | 1.59-5.35 | 1.87 | 1.07-3.26 | 3.69 | 2.23-6.11 | 0.76 | 0.36-1.60 | 1.48 | 0.83-2.62 | 3.04 | 1.68-5.51 | 1.62 | 0.98-2.69 | 3.10 | 1.47-6.52 | 0.62 | 0.30-1.29 | 4.10 | 2.43-6.94 |
| Never | 4.41 | 2.43-8.02 | 3.80 | 2.23-6.46 | 6.85 | 4.16-11.26 | 1.27 | 0.65-2.46 | 2.11 | 1.24-3.60 | 6.70 | 3.73-12.03 | 3.02 | 1.90-4.81 | 5.58 | 2.67-11.65 | 1.05 | 0.55-2.01 | 13.30 | 7.11-24.89 |
| Pfor heterogeneity | 0.434 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.130 | <0.001 | |||||||||||||||
| Oral hygiene score (best to worst oral hygiene) | ||||||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – |
| 1 | 2.48 | 1.56-3.94 | 1.66 | 0.96-2.85 | 2.93 | 1.89-4.54 | 1.00 | 0.54-1.84 | 1.27 | 0.79-2.05 | 3.36 | 1.99-5.65 | 1.70 | 1.13-2.57 | 3.32 | 1.69-6.50 | 1.43 | 0.80-2.56 | 2.95 | 1.84-4.75 |
| 2 | 2.67 | 1.57-4.53 | 1.56 | 0.91-2.66 | 2.86 | 1.80-4.54 | 0.90 | 0.47-1.73 | 1.28 | 0.76-2.13 | 2.89 | 1.68-4.97 | 1.74 | 1.12-2.73 | 2.72 | 1.38-5.37 | 1.33 | 0.75-2.37 | 3.05 | 1.71-5.42 |
| ≥3 | 5.68 | 2.22-14.51 | 4.30 | 2.28-8.13 | 5.06 | 2.75-9.30 | 6.14 | 2.28-16.49 | 3.92 | 1.96-7.83 | 5.97 | 2.86-12.48 | 3.69 | 2.01-6.77 | #### | 4.02-27.77 | 3.01 | 1.47-6.15 | 11.06 | 4.47-27.39 |
| Pfor heterogeneity | 0.579 | 0.185 | 0.367 | 0.323 | 0.159 | |||||||||||||||
Abbreviation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
*
Oral hygiene score is the sum of the four following variables: frequency of teeth cleaning: ≥1 time/day=0, <1 time/day=1; number of missing teeth: ‘<5’=0, ‘≥5’=1; denture use: no=0, yes=1; regular dental visits: yes=0, no=1. Adjusted by age, sex, cigarette smoking intensity, cigarette smoking duration, betel quid chewing intensity, betel quid chewing duration, drinking intensity, drinking duration, body mass index, study center, ethnicity, education level.