Table 3.
Spatial –temporal models (β, 95% CI) for predicting Low Frequency (25 – 125 Hz), Mid Frequency (250 – 1,000 Hz), High Frequency (2,000 – 16,000 Hz), and A-weighted Sound (n = 400 monitoring sites)
| Determinants | Low Frequency Sound (dB) |
Mid Frequency Sound (dB) |
High Frequency sound (dB) |
A-weighted Sound (dB(A)) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Land Use | ||||
| Commercial buffers | ||||
| 25 m | 0.19 (−0.24, 0.61) | 0.27 (−0.23, 0.76) | 0.007 (−0.53, 0.55) | 0.21 (−0.29. 0.730) |
| 100 m | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) | |||
| 150 m | 0.04 (−0.93, 1.00) | −0.32 (−1.40, 0.80) | 2.40 (−1.10, 5.90) | 1.40 (−1.70, 4.60) |
| 200 m | −2.08 (−6.40, 0.76) | −1.30 (−4.40, 1.80) | ||
| Industrial 500 m buffer | 0.28 (−0.18, 0.73) | |||
| Transportation buffers | ||||
| 50 m | −0.07 (−0.20, 0.05) | −0.09 (−0.20, 0.03) | ||
| 100 m | 0.06 (0.007, 0.12) | 0.28 (0.15, 0.41) | 0.24 (0.12, 0.37) | |
| 1000 m | −1.1 (−1.90, −0.48) | −1.6 (−2.4, −0.74) | −1.20 (−1.90, −0.40) | |
| Residential buffers | ||||
| 100 m | −0.92 (−4.80, 2.90) | |||
| 150 m | 1.40 (−3.80, 6.50) | −1.30 (−2.90, 0.36) | 2.30 (−2.60, 7.30) | −0.14 (−1.80, 1.50) |
| 200 m | −2.70 (−7.03, 1.90) | |||
| 250 m | −0.45 (−2.70, 1.80) | |||
| Recreational buffers | ||||
| 100 m | 0.02 (−0.05, 0.09) | |||
| 1000 m | 0.37 (−0.33, 1.10) | |||
| Open Land buffers | ||||
| 25 m | −0.06 (−0.17.0.05) | |||
| 50 m | −0.04 (−0.22, 0.14) | 0.02 (−0.11, 0.15) | ||
| 200 m | 0.34 (−0.26, 0.94) | |||
| 250 m | −0.36 (−0.97, 0.25) | |||
| 300 m | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.10) | |||
| Forest 100 m buffer | 0.09 (0.02, 0.16) | 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) | ||
| Lengths | ||||
| Bus Routes buffers | ||||
| 50 m | 0.33 (−0.09, 0.75) | |||
| 250 m | 0.30 (−0.44, 1.0) | −0.68 (−3.10, 1.70) | −0.81 (−3.10, 1.50) | |
| 300 m | 0.63 (−0.01, 1.40) | 1.20 (−1.40, 3.80) | 1.10 (−1.40, 3.60) | |
| 500 m | −0.37 (−2.01, 1.03) | |||
| Rail Lines buffers | ||||
| 500 m | 0.53 (−0.04, 1.10) | 0.14 (−0.83, 1.10) | ||
| 1000 m | 0.89 (0.03, 1.8) | |||
| All Roads buffers | ||||
| 25 m | −0.005 (−1.30, 1.30) | |||
| 50 m | 0.42 (−0.79, 1.60) | 0.002 (−1.70, 1.70) | 1.00 (−0.51, 2.50) | |
| Major Roads 50 m buffer | 1.00 (−0.19, 2.30) | 1.60 (−0.25. 3.50) | ||
| Class 3 Roads 25 m buffer | 0.08 (−0.005, 0.18) | |||
| Class 5 Roads 1000 m buffer | 1.70 (0.54, 2.80) | |||
| Counts with Buffers | ||||
| Buildings | ||||
| 50 m | −0.91 (−2.60, 0.83) | |||
| 100 m | −0.46 (−2.40, 1.05) | −0.79 (−2.10, 0.50) | ||
| 150 m | −1.30 (−2.70, 0.04) | |||
| Bus Stops | ||||
| 25 m | 0.80 (−0.16, 1.80) | |||
| 100 m | 1.60 (0.18, 3.00) | 1.90 (0.72, 3.10) | 1.60 (0.42, 2.80) | |
| 150 m | 1.00 (0.09, 2.00) | 0.06 (−1.40, 1.50) | ||
| Big Box Stores 300 m | 1.20 (−0.22, 2.50) | |||
| Entertainment Establishments 500 m | 0.31 (0.004, 0.61) | |||
| Restaurants 100 m | 0.05 (−0.06, 0.16) | |||
| Distances(in meters) | ||||
| Nearest Road | −0.64 (−1.30, 0.07) | −1.20 (−2.00, −0.35) | −0.72 (−1.60, 0.17) | −1.10 (−1.90, −0.29) |
| Nearest Open Space Area | −0.76 (−1.30, −0.18) | |||
| Nearest Fire Station | −0.07 (−0.75, 0.61) | −0.23 (−1.00, 0.57) | ||
| 1.00 (0.12, 2.00) | ||||
| Nearest Rail Line | −0.87 (−1.50, −0.20) | 0.03 (−0.75, 0.82) | −0.69 (−1.40, −0.01) | |
| Nearest Road Conditions | ||||
| Surface Width | 0.93 (0.21, 1.60) | 0.79 (−0.05, 1.60) | 1.40 (0.53, 2.30) | 1.00 (0.15, 1.90) |
| Terrain | −0.37 (−2.70, 1.90) | −0.96 (−3.20, 1.30) | ||
| Traffic Counts | 3.10 (1.90, 4.20) | 3.80 (2.40, 5.20) | 5.50 (4.00, 7.00) | 4.20 (2.80, 5.50) |
| Heavy Vehicle Counts | 0.75 (0.06, 1.40) | 0.69 (−0.15, 1.50) | 0.39 (−0.47, 1.30) | 0.55 (−0.26, 1.40) |
| Season | ||||
| Fall | −1.50 (−2.50, −0.55) | −1.50 (−2.70, −0.40) | −1.70 (−3.00, −0.49) | −2.10 (−3.30, −1.00) |
| Meteorological Conditions | ||||
| Temperature | 0.55 (0.14, 0.95) | 0.46 (−0.02, 0.93) | ||
| Vegetation and Impervious Surfaces | ||||
| Vegetation Index (25 m) | −1.10 (−1.80, −0.27) | |||
| Vegetation Index (50 m) | −0.55 (−1.70, 0.62) | |||
| Impervious Surfaces (50 m) | 0.49 (−1.00, 2.00) | |||
| Temporality | ||||
| Day | 2.30 (1.40, 3.20) | 1.60 (0.51, 2.70) | 3.20 (2.10, 4.40) | 1.90 (0.84, 3.00) |
| Rush Hour | −1.40 (−3.20, 0.31) | |||
| Weekday | 1.90 (0.86, 3.00) | 0.25 (−1.00, 1.50) | 0.60 (−0.72, 1.90) | 0.009 (−1.30, 1.30) |