Table 5. Overall and by household groups crude coefficient (p-value) from the univariable linear regression for scores derived from Mullen Scale of Early Learning, Gensini Gavito Scale, and cassava cyanogen content for the 114 studied children aged 12–48 months in Kahemba, democratic republic of Congo.
| ELC | GM | FM | VR | RL | ELA | CDA | PDQ | CF | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||||||||
| Child’s age (months) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.40 (0.34) | -.33 (0.49) | 0.08 (0.80) | -.11 (0.70) | 0.08 (0.74) | 0.52 (0.04) | 0.66 (0.00) | -.66 (0.06) # | 0.20 (0.79) |
| HH with konzo | 0.37 (0.50) | -.47 (0.52) | 0.08 (0.83) | -.08 (0.82) | 0.14 (0.71) | 0.36 (0.27) | 0.74 (0.00) | -.52 (0.28) | 0.81 (0.746 |
| HH without konzo | 0.70 (0.28) | -.29 (0.65) | 0.29 (0.64) | 0.06 (0.92) | 0.07 (0.86) | 0.73 (0.04) | 0.50 (0.01) | -.96 (0.08) | -0.91 (0.47) |
| Child’s gender | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.32 (0.92) | 0.37 (0.89) | -2.42 (0.37) | 0.88 (0.71) | 0.29 (0.88) | 3.07 (0.13) | 0.07 (0.95) | 1.69 (0.57) | -.38 (0.95) |
| HH with konzo | -4.84 (0.30) | -3.57 (0.38) | -6.01 (0.07) | -2.17 (0.48) | -2.76 (0.39) | 2.58 (0.35) | -0.46 (0.77) | 0.19 (0.96) | 7.12 (0.46) |
| HH without konzo | 6.59 (0.16) | 3.62 (0.33) | 1.91 (0.66) | 4.56 (0.20) | 4.03 (0.13) | 3.67 (0.22) | 0.60 (0.69) | 3.28 (0.45) | -9.18 (0.33) |
| Father’s education | |||||||||
| Overall | 4.43 (0.03) | 2.70 (0.09) | 2.57 (0.12) | 1.31 (0.35) | 2.83 (0.03) | 2.67 (0.03) | 0.29 (0.68) | 1.38 (0.47) | -6.53(0.13) |
| HH with konzo | 10.43 (0.00) | 5.59 (0.03) | 6.33 (0.01) | 3.45 (0.08) | 5.82 (0.01) | 5.00 (0.00) | 1.20 (0.29) | 2.53 (0.40) | -10.19(0.14) |
| HH without konzo | -.37 (0.88) | 0.11 (0.95) | -.58 (0.86) | -1.74 (0.44) | 0.59 (0.68) | 0.96 (0.61) | -0.13 (0.88) | 0.88 (0.72) | -3.44(0.55) |
| Mother’s education | |||||||||
| Overall | 3.16 (0.16) | 3.83 (0.03) | 0.31 (0.87) | 1.06 (0.51) | 2.03 (0.16) | 2.93 (0.03) | 0.54 (0.47) | 1.73 (0.39) | -2.33(0.59) |
| HH with konzo | 5.94 (0.12) | 4.48 (0.18) | 1.11 (0.69) | 2.68 (0.28) | 3.63 (0.17) | 2.97 (0.17) | 0.13 (0.92) | -1.28 (0.69) | -1.59(0.83) |
| HH without konzo | 0.57 (0.84) | 2.67 (0.21) | -1.02 (0.68) | -.68 (0.74) | 0.87 (0.56) | 2.94 (0.07) | 1.06 (0.25) | 4.11 (0.11) | -2.66(0.62) |
| Wealth index (scores) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.52 (0.43) | 0.85 (0.09) | -0.08 (0.87) | 0.69 (0.13) | 0.46 (0.28) | 0.49 (0.23) | 0.11 (0.63) | 0.85 (0.16) | -.91 (0.49) |
| HH with konzo | -.66 (0.70) | -.56 (0.75) | -1.51 (0.24) | -.07 (0.95) | 0.44 (0.70) | 0.11 (0.92) | 0.42 (0.43) | 1.24 (0.37) | -.99 (0.75) |
| HH without konzo | 0.48 (0.51) | 0.71 (0.20) | -.17 (0.79) | 0.57 (0.29) | 0.44 (0.31) | 0.73 (0.15) | 0.20 (0.42) | 1.02 (0.14) | -.85 (0.57) |
| Monthly income | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.00 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.11) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.13) | -0.03 (0.90) | 0.00 (0.28) | -4.75 (0.68) | 0.00 (0.53) | -.00 (0.87) |
| HH with konzo | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.28) | 0.00 (0.10) | 0.00 (0.39) | 0.00 (0.80) | 0.00 (0.22) | -0.00 (0.27) | 8.75 (0.85) | -.00 (0.66) |
| HH without konzo | 0.00 (0.57) | 0.00 (0.45) | 0.00 (0.25) | 0.00 (0.36) | -0.00 (0.50) | 0.00 (0.67) | 0.00 (0.47) | 0.00 (0.44) | 0.00 (0.77) |
| Maternal depression/anxiety symptoms | |||||||||
| GDAS (scores) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.07 (0.80) | -0.14 (0.57) | 0.20 (0.38) | 0.11 (0.59) | -0.04 (0.82) | -0-05 (0.77) | -.14 (0.16) | -.39 (0.14) | 0.29 (0.64) |
| HH with konzo | 0.29 (0.46) | 0.01 (0.98) | 0.38 (0.20) | 0.32 (0.24) | -0.01 (0.97) | 0.03 (0.89) | -.18 (0.18) | -.25 (0.49) | 0.25 (0.76) |
| HH without konzo | -.02 (0.97) | -.02 (0.95) | 0.15 (0.70) | 0.01 (0.97) | -0.03 (0.90) | -0.12 (0.69) | -.20 (0.19) | -.79 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.81) |
| HSCL-10 (scores) | |||||||||
| Overall | -0.21 (0.39) | -0.15 (0.48) | -0.02 (0.88) | -0.07 (0.71) | -0.23 (0.16) | -0.22 (0.16) | -.06 (0.49) | -.18 (0.45) | 0.24 (0.66) |
| HH with konzo | 0.03 (0.92) | 0.14 (0.61) | 0.17 (0.49) | 0.22 (0.33) | -0.19 (0.43) | -0.14 (0.45) | -.09 (0.43) | -.09 (0.76) | -0.15 (0.83) |
| HH without konzo | -.48 (0.29) | -.30 (0.48) | -.19 (0.60) | -.44 (0.15) | -0.32 (0.22) | -0.37 (0.19) | -.18 (0.24) | -.98 (0.02) | 0.93 (0.34) |
| Child’s early neurodevelopment | |||||||||
| CDA (months) | |||||||||
| Overall | 1.01 (0.00) | 0.55 (0.06) # | 0.71 (0.00) | 0.50 (0.02) | 0.68 (0.00) | 0.59 (0.00) | 1 | 2.02 (0.00) | -1.26 (0.04) |
| HH with konzo | 0.93 (0.02) | 0.50 (0.25) | 0.68 (0.02) | 0.59 (0.04) | 0.67 (0.02) | 0.43 (0.09) | 1 | 1.95 (0.00) | -1.36 (0.11) |
| HH without konzo | 1.30 (0.00) | 0.69 (0.08) | 0.86 (0.02) | 0.68 (0.07) | 0.74 (0.01) | 0.81 (0.00) | 1 | 2.16 (0.00) | -1.36 (0.13) |
| PDQ (%) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.40 (0.00) | 0.31 (0.00) | 0.28 (0.00) | 0.27 (0.00) | 0.29 (0.00) | 0.14 (0.04) | 0.28 (0.00) | 1 | -.45 (0.04) |
| HH with konzo | 0.36 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.04) | 0.26 (0.00) | 0.26 (0.00) | 0.26 (0.01) | 0.10 (0.31) | 0.28 (0.00) | 1 | -.68 (0.03) |
| HH without konzo | 0.48 (0.00) | 0.39 (0.00) | 0.31 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.03) | 0.34 (0.00) | 0.21 (0.06) | 0.27 (0.00) | 1 | -.18 (0.56) |
| Child’s weaning age (months) | |||||||||
| Overall | 0.51 (0.34) | 0.29 (0.47) | 0.29 (0.49) | 0.27 (0.47) | 0.52 (0.12) | 0.18 (0.58) | -.04 (0.82) | 0.28 (0.56) | 1.27 (0.24) |
| HH with konzo | 0.41 (0.55) | 0.29 (0.59) | 0.21 (0.69) | 0.16 (0.73) | 0.44 (0.35) | 0.15 (0.74) | -.08 (0.74) | 0.14 (0.83) | 3.05 (0.03) |
| HH without konzo | 0.41 (0.65) | -.10 (0.87) | 0.26 (0.78) | 0.21 (0.75) | 0.63 (0.22) | 0.29 (0.66) | -.08 (0.76) | 0.82 (0.34) | -2.05 (0.26) |
| Introduction of solid food <6 months | |||||||||
| Overall | 3.30 (0.33) | 1.12 (0.69) | 2.46 (0.37) | 1.50 (0.52) | 2.72 (0.20) | 1.22 (0.55) | -.38 (0.73) | 1.88 (0.53) | -3.09 (0.64) |
| HH with konzo | -.59 (0.90) | 0.21 (0.96) | 1.41 (0.69) | -1.89 (0.55) | 1.79 (0.59) | -1.14 (0.69) | 0.13 (0.94) | 0.23 (0.96) | -1.83 (0.85) |
| HH without konzo | 5.93 (0.22) | -1.06 (0.79) | 1.89 (0.67) | 3.76 (0.29) | 3.45 (0.21) | 3.98 (0.17) | 0.31 (0.84) | 5.54 (0.21) | -2.59 (0.79) |
| Child’s anthropometry | |||||||||
| Weight-for-age z scores | |||||||||
| Overall | 3.84 (0.00) | 3.24 (0.00) | 2.73 (0.00) | 1.91 (0.02) | 2.59 (0.00) | 2.30 (0.00) | 1.53 (0.00) | 4.18 (0.00) | -3.29 (0.12) |
| HH with konzo | 3.59 (0.04) | 3.76 (0.01) | 2.23 (0.04) | 1.84 (0.12) | 2.82 (0.01) | 2.03 (0.05) | 1.49 (0.01) | 5.04 (0.00) | -3.64 (0.31) |
| HH without konzo | 3.82 (0.00) | 2.874 (0.01) | 3.08 (0.00) | 1.79 (0.10) | 2.59 (0.00) | 2.35 (0.00) | 1.51 (0.00) | 3.65 (0.00) | -3.19 (0.23) |
| Height-for-age z scores | |||||||||
| Overall | 7.17 (0.00) | 4.77 (0.00) | 3.78 (0.00) | 4.33 (0.00) | 4.36 (0.00) | 3.20 (0.00) | 2.03 (0.00) | 6.03 (0.00) | -2.93 (0.22) |
| HH with konzo | 6.87 (0.00) | 4.65 (0.00) | 2.22 (0.02) | 3.70 (0.00) | 4.87 (0.00) | 3.55 (0.00) | 1.99 (0.00) | 7.56 (0.00) | -.42 (0.91) |
| HH without konzo | 7.31 (0.00) | 4.98 (0.00) | 4.39 (0.00) | 4.06 (0.00) | 4.36 (0.00) | 3.76 (0.00) | 1.99 (0.00) | 4.77 (0.00) | -5.54 (0.08) |
| Cyanogenic exposure | |||||||||
| SCN in child’s urine (μmole/liter) | |||||||||
| Overall | -0.00 (0.53) | 0.00 (0.52) | -0.00 (0.53) | -0.00 (0.94) | -0.00 (0.55) | -0.00 (0.63) | -.00 (0.04) | -.00(0.44) | 0.00 (0.52) |
| HH with konzo | -0.00 (0.21) | 0.00 (0.97) | -0.01 (0.02) | -0.00 (0.87) | -0.00 (0.27) | -0.00 (0.56) | -.00 (0.10) | -.00(0.51) | 0.01 (0.21) |
| HH without konzo | 0.00 (0.47) | 0.00 (0.22) | 0.00 (0.33) | 0.00 (0.88) | 0.00 (0.47) | -0.00 (0.98) | -.00 (0.29) | -.00(0.71) | -0.01 (0.58) |
| SCN in mother’s urine (μmole/liter) | |||||||||
| Overall | -0.01 (0.15) | -0.00 (0.30) | -0.00 (0.21) | -0.00 (0.20) | -0.00 (0.39) | -0.00 (0.58) | -.00 (0.19) | -.00 (0.60) | 0.00 (0.91) |
| HH with konzo | -0.00 (0.32) | -0.00 (0.49) | -.00 (0.71) | -0.00 (0.29) | -0.00 (0.49) | -0.00 (0.55) | -.00 (0.14) | -.00 (0.39) | -0.00 (0.79) |
| HH without konzo | -0.00 (0.40) | -0.00 (0.75) | -0.00 (0.26) | -0.00 (0.71) | -0.00 (0.67) | -0.00 (0.92) | -.00 (0.72) | 0.00 (0.83) | 0.01 (0.59) |
| Cyanogen in flour (ppm) | |||||||||
| Overall | -0.08 (0.10) | -0.02 (0.70) | -0.09 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.72) | -0.06 (0.04) | -0.02 (0.52) | -.04 (0.04) | -.09 (0.03) | 1 |
| HH with konzo | -0.01 (0.84) | 0.04 (0.62) | -0.07 (0.12) | 0.03 (0.50) | -0.02 (0.61) | 0.00 (0.94) | -.04 (0.11) | -.13 (0.03) | 1 |
| HH without konzo | -0.19 (0.01) | -0.07 (0.72) | -0.11 (0.09) | -0.07 (0.21) | -0.14 (0.00) | -0.06 (0.21) | -.04 (0.13) | -.04 (0.56) | 1 |
| Number of nights of cassava soaking | |||||||||
| Overall | -1.20 (0.77) | 0.30 (0.94) | -4.95 (0.17) | 1.47 (0.61) | -0.97 (0.72) | 1.47 (0.56) | -1.23 (0.37) | 1.88 (0.62) | 12.7 (0.11) |
| HH with konzo | 4.17 (0.48) | 0.86 (0.88) | 0.07 (0.98) | 6.15 (0.07) | -0.90 (0.83) | 3.14 (0.35) | -2.45 (0.23) | -3.30 (0.54) | 20.23 (0.08) |
| HH without konzo | -6.97 (0.23) | 0.44 (0.93) | -10.41 (0.08) | -3.59 (0.43) | -0.94 (0.78) | -0.42 (0.91) | -0.33 (0.86) | 6.47 (0.21) | 4.44(0.69) |
HH: household; Konzo: irreversible upper-motor disease linked to cyanide neurotoxicity from poorly processed cassava; HSCL-10: Hopkins Symptom Check list-10, GDAS: Goldberg Depression Anxiety Scale; PDQ: Psychomotor developmental quotient by Gensini Gavito, CDA: Child developmental age in months by Gensini Gavito, CF: cyanogen in household flour, ELC: Early Learning Composite, GM: Gross motor, FM: Fine motor
VR: Visual reception, RL: Receptive language, ELA: Expressive language, ppm: Parts per million. Significant p-values are presented in bold.
#p-value = 0.056.