Table 6. Overall and by household groups crude coefficient (p-value) from multivariable linear regression and GLM analysis Gamma function (Italic) for scores derived from Mullen Scale of Early Learning and Gensini Gavito Scale for the 114 studied children aged 12–48 months in Kahemba, Democratic Republic of Congo.
| ELC | GM | FM | VR | RL | ELA | CDA | PDQ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (months) | ||||||||
| Overall | 0.53 (0.20) | -.29 (0.54) | 0.17 (0.63) | 0.18 (0.57) | 0.22 (0.37) | 0.45 (0.09) | 0.69 (0.00) | -.60 (0.08) |
| HH with konzo | 0.29 (0.62) | -.38 (0.70) | -.19 (0.68) | 0.03 (0.95) | 0.12 (0.77) | 0.36 (0.37) | 0.95 (0.00) | 0.13 (0.77) |
| HH without konzo | 0.51 (0.49) | -.21 (0.75) | 0.52 (0.49) | 0.16 (0.84) | 0.02 (0.97) | 0.39 (0.36) | 0.46 (0.03) | -.97 (0.12) |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Overall | 2.29 (0.50) | 0.69 (0.81) | -.15 (0.96) | 0.14 (0.96) | 0.64 (0.76) | 2.92 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.99) | 1.55 (0.62) |
| HH with konzo | -4.54 (0.42) | -.74 (0.89) | -2.63 (0.55) | -2.75 (0.50) | -1.16 (0.76) | 3.39 (0.33) | 0.82 (0.57) | 2.52 (0.58) |
| HH without konzo | 6.96 (0.16) | 4.08 (0.35) | 5.24 (0.38) | 2.81 (0.58) | 2.71 (0.29) | 1.18 (0.71) | -.10 (0.95) | 3.45 (0.51) |
| Height-for-age z scores | ||||||||
| Overall | 7.81 (0.00) | 3.62 (0.01) | 3.79 (0.01) | 5.08 (0.00) | 4.23 (0.00) | 2.83 (0.01) | 1.44 (0.01) | 4.25 (0.01) |
| HH with konzo | 7.53 (0.01) | -.14 (0.96) | 2.91 (0.21) | 5.11 (0.00) | 5.01 (0.01) | 4.39 (0.01) | 2.57 (0.00) | 8.22 (0.00) |
| HH without konzo | 4.04 (0.10) | 4.43 (0.04) | 3.59 (0.13) | 3.44 (0.15) | 1.69 (0.18) | 0.39 (0.78) | 0.65 (0.43) | 1.01 (0.69) |
| Weight-for-age z scores | ||||||||
| Overall | -.35 (0.82) | 1.35 (0.29) | -.12 (0.93) | -1.24 (0.33) | 0.97 (0.32) | 0.35 (0.73) | 0.64 (0.15) | 1.91 (0.17) |
| HH with konzo | -1.12 (0.68) | 4.53 (0.12) | -.26 (0.92) | -1.90 (0.36) | 0.20 (0.91) | -.51 (0.77) | 0.37 (0.59) | 1.08 (0.62) |
| HH without konzo | 1.81 (0.37) | 0.28 (0.89) | 0.43 (0.83) | 0.49 (0.80) | 2.32 (0.04) | 1.87 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.14) | 3.52 (0.09) |
| Child Urinary SCN (μmole/liter) | ||||||||
| Overall | -.00 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.91) | -.00 (0.32) | -.00 (0.47) | -.00 (0.18) | -.00 (0.67) | -.00 (0.24) | -.00 (0.21) |
| HH with konzo | -.00 (0.11) | -.00 (0.93) | -.00 (0.09) | -.00 (0.40) | -.00 (0.08) | -.00 (0.56) | -.00 (0.28) | -.00 (0.24) |
| HH without konzo | -.00 (0.58) | 0.00 (0.49) | 0.00 (0.52) | 0.00 (0.64) | 0.00 (0.59) | -.00 (0.68) | -.00 (0.62) | -.00 (.82) |
| Cassava Cyanogen (ppm) | ||||||||
| Overall | -.05 (0.34) | -.03 (0.46) | -.07 (0.03) | -.00 (0.83) | -.03 (0.25) | -.00 (0.93) | -.03 (0.02) | -.07 (0.07) |
| HH with konzo | 0.04 (0.57) | 0.04 (0.65) | -.03 (0.43) | 0.03 (0.51) | 0.01 (0.85) | 0.00 (0.96) | -.05 (0.00) | -.15 (0.01) |
| HH without konzo | -.08 (0.29) | -.03 (0.62) | -.06 (0.49) | 0.04 (0.54) | -.07 (0.07) | -.03 (0.52) | -.02 (0.31) | -.02 (0.76) |
| Introduction of solid food <6 months | ||||||||
| Overall | 6.46 (0.61) | 1.27 (0.67) | 5.46 (0.08) | 4.19 (0.16) | 4.87 (0.03) | 2.59 (0.24) | 0.70 (0.48) | 2.99 (0.34) |
| HH with konzo | -2.12 (0.72) | -.58 (0.93) | 0.73 (0.89) | -1.12 (0.81) | 2.91 (0.46) | 0.56 (0.89) | 1.39 (0.37) | 3.86 (0.43) |
| HH without konzo | 9.10 (0.06) | -.85 (0.84) | 5.68 (0.22) | 8.39 (0.08) | 4.61 (0.07) | 4.82 (0.08) | 0.36 (0.82) | 2.31 (0.63) |
| Father’s education | ||||||||
| Overall | 2.36 (0.31) | -.62 (0.75) | 1.35 (0.55) | -.60 (0.75) | 2.27 (0.12) | 1.84 (0.23) | -.47 (0.49) | -.71 (0.73) |
| HH with konzo | 10.51 (0.02) | 5.08 (0.35) | 5.25 (0.17) | 3.31 (0.29) | 5.55 (0.07) | 4.19 (0.14) | -1.61 (0.18) | -4.61 (0.22) |
| HH without konzo | -.59 (0.82) | -2.35 (0.31) | 0.42 (0.89) | -1.87 (0.48) | 0.62 (0.65) | 0.85 (0.61) | -.62 (0.50) | -1.06 (0.71) |
| Mother’s education | ||||||||
| Overall | 1.57 (0.53) | 1.69 (0.41) | -.52 (0.82) | -.62 (0.76) | 0.77 (0.62) | 1.52 (0.36) | 0.44 (0.53) | 0.71 (0.74) |
| HH with konzo | -1.13 (0.81) | 0.35 (0.94) | -2.57 (0.49) | -2.71 (0.48) | -.26 (0.93) | -.32 (0.92) | 0.10 (0.92) | -.70 (0.83) |
| HH without konzo | -.03 (0.99) | 0.27 (0.92) | -.28 (0.94) | -1.47 (0.66) | -.62 (0.70) | 2.19 (0.28) | 0.69 (0.51) | 1.21 (0.71) |
| Wealth index (scores) | ||||||||
| Overall | -1.36 (0.07) | -.28 (0.65) | -1.25 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.96) | -.48 (0.30) | -.46 (0.37) | 0.05 (0.81) | -.06 (0.92) |
| HH with konzo | -2.33 (0.19) | -2.53 (0.25) | -1.68 (0.20) | 0.06 (0.96) | -.78 (0.52) | -1.39 (0.22) | -.17 (0.73) | -.89 (0.56) |
| HH without konzo | -.59 (0.47) | 0.05 (0.94) | -1.18 (0.19) | 0.34 (0.69) | 0.08 (0.86) | -.04 (0.94) | 0.07 (0.82) | 0.15 (0.86) |
| Monthly income | ||||||||
| Overall | 0.00 (0.19) | 0.00 (0.14) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.17) | -.00 (0.45) | 0.00 (0.33) | -1.29 (0.91) | -.00 (0.74) |
| HH with konzo | 0.00 (0.66) | 0.00 (0.87) | 0.00 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.25) | -.00 (0.68) | 0.00 (0.57) | 0.00 (0.48) | 0.00 (0.37) |
| HH without konzo | 0.00 (0.29) | 0.00 (0.15) | 0.00 (0.16) | 0.00 (0.71) | -.00 (0.36) | 0.00 (0.59) | 1.73 (0.92) | -.00 (0.79) |
Multivariable analysis included age and gender as adjusted variables. Predictors were gradually entered based on biological and biochemical findings from the univariable linear regression analysis. After adjusting for each predictor, only height-for-age scores remained the significant predictor of early child development, cognition, and motor proficiency, whereas cyanogen content in cassava flour was the main significant predictor of fine motor, and early child development. Significant results are presented in bold.
HH: household, PDQ: Psychomotor developmental quotient by Gensini Gavito, CDA: Child developmental age in months by Gensini Gavito, CF: cyanogen in household flour, ELC: Early Learning Composite, GM: Gross motor, FM: Fine motor, VR: Visual reception, RL: Receptive language, ELA: Expressive language, SCN: thiocyanate, ppm: parts per million. Significant p-values are presented in bold.