Table 2. Pairwise between-group mean differences and percent differences in outcome measures using analysis of covariance adjusting for baseline values.
Percent differences were calculated as [follow-up minus baseline]/baseline.
| YE vs. NE | YE vs. TE | TE vs. NE | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean difference (YE minus NE) | P value | Mean difference (YE minus TE) | P value | Mean difference (TE minus NE) | P value | |
| [95% CI] | [95% CI] | [95% CI] | ||||
| (% difference) | (% difference) | (% difference) | ||||
| Primary Outcomes | ||||||
| KOOS Pain (/100) | 22.9* [6.9, 38.8] (52.0%) |
0.003 | 11.3 [-5.1, 27.6] (17.6%) |
0.247 | 11.6 [-4.5, 27.7] (34.4%) |
0.212 |
| Intermittent Pain (/100) | -19.6* [-34.8, -4.38] (-43.6%) |
0.009 | -8.3 [-23.6, 7.0] (-19.5%) |
0.448 | -11.3 [-26.6, 4.0] (-24.1%) |
0.448 |
| Constant Pain (/100) | -16.0 [-39.0, 7.0] (-64.8%) |
0.240 | -11.8 [-34.8, 11.2] (-29.2%) |
0.492 | -4.2 [-27.2, 18.8] (-35.6%) |
0.955 |
| LEFS (/80) | 17.2* [5.2, 29.2] (45.0%) |
0.003 | 3.3 [-8.7, 15.3] (-4.9%) |
0.870 | 13.9* [2.0, 25.9] (49.8%) |
0.019 |
| KOOS Function in ADL (/100) | 17.9* [3.8, 32.0] (40.5%) |
0.010 | 7.6 [-7.0, 22.2] (16.4%) |
0.477 | 10.3 [-4.3, 24.8] (24.1%) |
0.228 |
| KOOS Function in SR (/100) | 24.7 [-3.2, 52.5] (75.1%) |
0.094 | -6.2 [-34.1, 21.8] (-122.9%) |
0.925 | 30.8* [3.0, 58.7] (198.0%) |
0.027 |
| Six Minute Walk (m) | 24.4 [-21.6, 70.4] (13.3%) |
0.463 | -0.52 [-45.7, 44.7] (3.5%) |
1.000 | 24.9 [-21.0, 70.8] (9.8%) |
0.444 |
| 40 Meter Walk (s) | -1.2 [-4.4, 2.0] (-17.6%) |
0.710 | 0.3 [-2.9, 3.4] (-2.7%) |
0.995 | -1.5 [-4.7, 1.7] (-14.8%) |
0.573 |
| 30 Second Chair Stand (reps) | 1.3 [-1.1, 3.7] (18.6%) |
0.453 | 0.8 [1.6, 3.2] (9.8%) |
0.776 | 0.5 [-1.9, 2.9] (8.8%) |
0.937 |
| Timed Up and Go (s) | -1.0 [-2.1, 0.1] (-13.6%) |
0.074 | -0.4 [-1.6, -0.7] (-9.1%) |
0.756 | -0.6 [-1.8, 0.6] (-4.5%) |
0.487 |
| Stair Ascent (s) | -1.4 [-3.0, 0.3] (-39.8%) |
0.131 | -0.4 [-2.1, 1.2] (-13.4%) |
0.891 | -1.0 [-2.6, 0.7] (-26.5%) |
0.399 |
| Secondary Outcomes | ||||||
| KOOS QoL (/100) | 15.2 [-2.0, 32.3] (52.0%) |
0.095 | 4.8 [-12.8, 21.6] (-8.0%) |
0.891 | 10.8 [-6.5, 28.1] (60.0%) |
0.327 |
| CESD (/60) | 0.2 [-5.9, 6.4] (-44.2%) |
1.000 | -1.6 [7.6, 4.4] (-13.1%) |
0.882 | 1.8 [-4.1, 7.7] (-31.0%) |
0.829 |
| Knee extensor strength (Nm/kg) | 0.1 [-0.1, 0.3] (14.8%) |
0.250 | 0.0 [-0.1, 0.2] (6.3%) |
0.910 | 0.1 [-0.1, 0.2] (8.5%) |
0.603 |
| Knee flexor strength (Nm/kg) | -0.3 [-0.1, 0.1] (-3.5%) |
0.791 | -0.1* [-0.2, -0.1] (-28.5%) |
0.028 | 0.1 [-0.0, 0.2] (25.0%) |
0.190 |
A Sidak adjustment for multiple comparisons was used. Significant differences are denoted with an asterisk*.
YE = Yoga Exercise; TE = Traditional Exercise; NE = No Exercise; KOOS = Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; ADL = activities of daily living; SR = sport and recreation; QoL = quality of life
Note: due to baseline values of zero, percent difference could not be calculated for certain participants and measures (KOOS Function in SR, n = 2; Constant Pain (/100), n = 5; CESD, n = 1).