Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study population
| Before matching | After matching | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No history of psychosis/mania (n=3,554) | History of psychosis/mania (n=126) | Std.Diff. | No history of psychosis/mania (n=320) | History of psychosis/mania (n=122) | Std. Diff. | |
| Demographics: | ||||||
| Age (years) | 61±11 | 59±9 | 0.072 | 59±10 | 59±9 | −0.007 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 3,262 (92) | 114 (90) | 0.334 | 291 (91) | 110 (90) | 0.026 |
| Race, n (%) | −0.615 | 0.056 | ||||
| White | 2,343 (66) | 75 (60) | 212 (66) | 73 (60) | ||
| African-American | 933 (26) | 47 (37) | 92 (29) | 45 (37) | ||
| Others | 58 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (1) | 0 (0) | ||
| Unknown | 220 (6) | 4 (3) | 13 (4) | 4 (3) | ||
| Comorbidities: | ||||||
| Myocardial Infarction, n (%) | 234 (7) | 13 (10) | 0.334 | 25 (8) | 12 (10) | 0.071 |
| Congestive Heart Failure, n (%) | 540 (15) | 23 (18) | 0.083 | 56 (18) | 23 (19) | 0.035 |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease, n (%) | 370 (10) | 19 (15) | −0.112 | 38 (12) | 16 (13) | 0.037 |
| Cerebrovascular Disease, n (%) | 273 (8) | 12 (10) | 0.160 | 32 (10) | 12 (10) | −0.005 |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease, n (%) | 457 (13) | 33 (26) | 0.432 | 74 (23) | 30 (25) | 0.034 |
| Connective Tissue Disease, n (%) | 71 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.147 | 7 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.067 |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease, n (%) | 40 (1) | 4 (3) | 0.230 | 7 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.067 |
| Paraplegia and Hemiplegia, n (%) | 19 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0.000 | 1 (0) | 1 (1) | 0.067 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 1,681 (47) | 78 (62) | 0.080 | 175 (55) | 74 (61) | 0.121 |
| Liver Disease, n (%) | 394 (11) | 24 (19) | 0.366 | 63 (20) | 22 (18) | −0.042 |
| Malignancy, n (%) | 221 (6) | 12 (10) | 0.291 | 32 (10) | 12 (10) | −0.005 |
| Anemia, n (%) | 1,764 (50) | 72 (57) | 0.195 | 183 (57) | 71 (58) | 0.020 |
| Depression, n (%) | 182 (5) | 71 (56) | 1.353 | 104 (33) | 67 (55) | 0.463 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 1,403 (40) | 54 (43) | −0.020 | 136 (43) | 53 (43) | 0.019 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 2,823 (79) | 113 (90) | −0.160 | 273 (85) | 109 (89) | 0.121 |
| Ischemic Heart Disease, n (%) | 863 (24) | 40 (32) | 0.480 | 95 (30) | 38 (31) | 0.032 |
| Preemptive transplantation, n (%) | 696 (20) | 21 (17) | 0.144 | 59 (18) | 20 (16) | −0.054 |
| Living donor transplantation, n (%) | 1,160 (33) | 33 (26) | −0.301 | 84 (26) | 32 (26) | 0 |
| Dialysis modality: hemodialysis, n (%) | 2,253 (82) | 89 (87) | 0.212 | 209 (65) | 86 (70) | −0.078 |
| Duration of dialysis (days), median (IQR) | 551 (145–1,062) | 690 (298–1,335) | −0.157 | 630 (174–1,209) | 670 (298–1,335) | 0.110 |
| Medications: | ||||||
| ESAs, n (%) | 252 (7) | 16 (13) | −0.228 | 40 (13) | 15 (12) | −0.006 |
| Native Vitamin D, n (%) | 295 (8) | 25 (20) | 0.051 | 65 (20) | 24 (20) | −0.016 |
| Active Vitamin D, n (%) | 505 (14) | 33 (26) | 0.110 | 73 (23) | 30 (25) | 0.042 |
| Sevelamer, n (%) | 771 (22) | 45 (36) | −0.207 | 113 (35) | 43 (35) | −0.001 |
| Lanthanum, n (%) | 210 (6) | 11 (9) | 0.065 | 19 (6) | 11 (9) | 0.117 |
| Calcium acetate, n (%) | 660 (19) | 33 (26) | −0.729 | 87 (27) | 32 (26) | −0.022 |
| Anticoagulants, n (%) | 260 (7) | 24 (19) | 0.272 | 53 (17) | 20 (16) | −0.005 |
| Thrombolytics, n (%) | 19 (0.5) | 1 (0.8) | 0.284 | 6 (2) | 1 (1) | −0.091 |
| Aspirin, n (%) | 385 (11) | 47 (37) | 0.233 | 96 (30) | 44 (36) | 0.129 |
| Digitalis, n (%) | 29 (1) | 1 (0.8) | −0.162 | 3 (1) | 1 (1) | −0.013 |
| β-blockers, n (%) | 1,343 (38) | 80 (64) | 0.115 | 187 (58) | 77 (63) | 0.096 |
| α-blockers, n (%) | 458 (13) | 27 (21) | 0.069 | 57 (18) | 26 (21) | 0.088 |
| Calcium channel blockers, n (%) | 1,187 (33) | 68 (54) | 0.283 | 163 (51) | 64 (52) | 0.030 |
| Antianginals, n (%) | 209 (6) | 16 (13) | 0.088 | 39 (12) | 15 (12) | 0.003 |
| Statins, n (%) | 1,220 (34) | 77 (61) | 0.063 | 185 (58) | 74 (61) | 0.058 |
| Vasodilators, n (%) | 477 (13) | 26 (21) | −0.637 | 63 (20) | 25 (20) | 0.020 |
| Thiazides diuretics, n (%) | 128 (4) | 7 (6) | −0.088 | 17 (5) | 7 (6) | 0.019 |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 855 (24) | 42 (330 | 0.020 | 109 (34) | 40 (33) | −0.027 |
| Potassium sparing diuretics, n (%) | 93 (3) | 4 (3) | 0.077 | 12 (4) | 4 (3) | −0.026 |
| RAASi, n (%) | 994 (28) | 55 (44) | −0.044 | 139 (43) | 51 (42) | −0.033 |
| Insulin, n (%) | 765 (22) | 47 (37) | 0.025 | 114 (36) | 45 (37) | 0.026 |
| Other variables NOT included propensity score: | ||||||
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.485 | 0.500 | ||||
| Married | 2,328 (72) | 77 (61) | 210 (71) | 75 (62) | ||
| Single | 246 (8) | 5 (4) | 17 (6) | 5 (4) | ||
| Divorced | 550 (17) | 39 (31) | 58 (20) | 38 (31) | ||
| Widowed | 100 (3) | 5 (4) | 10 (3) | 4 (3) | ||
| Income (USD), median (IQR) | 20,874 (1,585–38,646) | 19,626 (4,524–34,260) | −0.030 | 22,020 (5,040–35,028) | 19,626 (3,435–35,028) | 0.389 |
| Service Connection, % | 90 (30–100) | 100 (60–100) | 0.161 | 100 (60–100) | 100 (60–100) | 0.096 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, median (IQR) | 2 (0–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.474 | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–4) | 0.268 |
| Serum albumin (g/dL), mean±SD | 3.7±0.5 | 3.7±0.5 | −0.394 | 3.7±0.6 | 3.8±0.5 | −0.213 |
| Serum AST, (g/dL), median (IQR) | 20 (16–26) | 19 (15–26) | 0.237 | 21 (17–28) | 19 (15–26) | 0.621 |
| Serum ALT, (g/dL), median (IQR) | 20 (15–28) | 20 (15–29) | 0.297 | 21 (15–29) | 19 (15–29) | 0.235 |
| Blood hemoglobin, (g/dL), mean±SD | 11.5±1.3 | 11.5±1.4 | 0.156 | 11.4±1.3 | 11.5±1.4 | 0.418 |
| Serum phosphorus, (g/dL), mean±SD | 4.9±1.2 | 4.9±1.9 | −0.282 | 4.9±1.2 | 5.0±1.1 | −0.410 |
| Serum PTH, (g/dL), median (IQR) | 260 (184–428) | 303 (152–419) | −0.142 | 253 (152–401) | 296 (150–404) | −0.143 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean±SD | 137±18 | 133±17 | −0.374 | 138±17 | 132±18 | −0.652 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean±SD | 75±11 | 74±9 | −0.381 | 75±10 | 74±10 | −0.549 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2), mean±SD | 28±4 | 29±4 | −0.481 | 28±4 | 29±4 | −0.372 |
Abbreviations: ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; BP: blood pressure; ESAs: erythropoietin stimulating agents; IQR: inter-quartile range; PTH: parathyroid hormone; RAASi: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; SD: standard deviation; Std. Diff.: Standardized differences; USD: United States dollar.