Table 2.
Univariate Analysis of Potential Factors Associated with Differential Prescribing in the Baseline Period
| Variablesa | Other Antimuscarinics (n=28,736) n (%) |
Oral Oxybutynin (n=14,150) n (%) |
Relative Risk (95% Confidence Interval) |
P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| Demographic Information | Age – median (IQR) | 79 (73–85) | 78 (72–84) | 1.003 (1.003–1.004) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||||
| Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||||
| <75 | 9,524 (33.1) | 5,150 (36.4) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 75 – 84 | 11,961 (41.6) | 5,777 (40.8) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | ||
| ≥85 | 7,251 (25.2) | 3,223 (22.8) | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) | ||
|
| |||||
| Sex | <0.0001 | ||||
| Female | 22,017 (76.6) | 10,200 (72.1) | 1.09 (1.07–1.10) | ||
|
| |||||
| Region | <0.0001 | ||||
| Northeast | 5,207 (18.1) | 2,107 (14.9) | 1.14 (1.11–1.16) | ||
| Midwest | 6,973 (24.3) | 4,153 (29.4) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| South | 11,970 (41.7) | 5,219 (36.9) | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | ||
| West | 4,531 (15.8) | 2,651 (18.7) | 1.01 (0.98–1.03) | ||
| Other | 55 (0.2) | 20 (0.1) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) | ||
|
| |||||
| Year | <0.0001 | ||||
| 2008 | 9,570 (33.3) | 3,129 (22.1) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 2009 | 8,109 (28.2) | 3,385 (23.9) | 0.94 (0.92–0.95) | ||
| 2010 | 6,266 (21.8) | 3,682 (26.0) | 0.84 (0.82–0.85) | ||
| 2011 | 4,791 (16.7) | 3,954 (27.9) | 0.73 (0.71–0.74) | ||
|
| |||||
| Median Household Income for Zip Code ($), 2011b | <0.0001 | ||||
| <40,000 | 7,390 (25.7) | 3,707 (26.2) | 1.00 (reference) | ||
| 40,000 to 48,999 | 6,688 (23.3) | 3,558 (25.1) | 0.98 (0.96–0.99) | ||
| 49,000 to 63,999 | 6,821 (23.7) | 3,475 (24.6) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) | ||
| ≥64,000 | 7,312 (25.5) | 3,190 (22.5) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | ||
| Missing | 525 (1.8) | 220 (1.6) | 1.06 (1.01–1.11) | ||
|
| |||||
| Comorbidities | Cancer | 3,169 (11.0) | 1,735 (12.3) | 0.96 (0.94–0.98) | 0.0002 |
|
| |||||
| Deficiency anemias | 5,406 (18.8) | 2,410 (17.0) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Epilepsy / Seizure | 580 (2.0) | 269 (1.9) | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) | 0.0875 | |
|
| |||||
| Glaucoma | 3,397 (11.8) | 1,537 (10.9) | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.0027 | |
|
| |||||
| High Cholesterol | 17,100 (59.5) | 8,203 (58.0) | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.0025 | |
|
| |||||
| Hypothyroidism | 7,078 (24.6) | 3,275 (23.1) | 1.03 (1.01–1.04) | 0.0006 | |
|
| |||||
| Hypertension | 23,879 (83.1) | 11,635 (82.2) | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.0264 | |
|
| |||||
| Malaise / Fatigue | 9,335 (2.5) | 4,301 (30.4) | 1.03 (1.02–1.05) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Neurological disorders | 3,504 (12.2) | 1,547 (10.9) | 1.04 (1.02–1.06) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Osteoarthritis | 10,792 (37.6) | 4,896 (34.6) | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Osteoporosis | 5,987 (20.8) | 2,364 (16.7) | 1.09 (1.07–1.11) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Parkinson’s disease | 1,784 (6.2) | 773 (5.5) | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 0.0014 | |
|
| |||||
| Blood loss anemia | 355 (1.2) | 150 (1.1) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.0956 | |
|
| |||||
| Renal Failure | 2,150 (7.5) | 1,171 (8.3) | 0.96 (0.94–0.99) | 0.0050 | |
|
| |||||
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagenvascular diseases | 1,365 (4.8) | 596 (4.2) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.0091 | |
|
| |||||
| Sleep Apnea | 533 (1.9) | 299 (2.1) | 0.96 (0.91–1.01) | 0.0804 | |
|
| |||||
| Vertigo | 4,801 (16.7) | 2,063 (14.6) | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Rehabilitation Services | 1,222 (4.3) | 553 (3.9) | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.0836 | |
|
| |||||
| Stroke | 1,078 (3.8) | 480 (3.4) | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.0534 | |
|
| |||||
| Medications | Sleep Medication | 4,660 (16.2) | 2,042 (14.4) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||||
| Cognitive Impairment | Dementia diagnosis | 4,434 (15.4) | 1,906 (13.5) | 1.06 (1.03–1.07) | <0.0001 |
|
| |||||
| Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor | 3,097 (10.8) | 1,211 (8.6) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Memantine | 1,357 (4.7) | 526 (3.7) | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Any Dementia Medication | 3,436 (12.0) | 1,355 (9.6) | 1.08 (1.06–1.10) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| All Cognitive Impairment | 7,119 (24.8) | 3,140 (22.2) | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.0001 | |
|
| |||||
| Provider Types | Neurology / Neuropsychiatry | 1,099 (3.8) | 482 (3.4) | 1.04 (1.00–1.07) | 0.0248 |
|
| |||||
| Urology | 7,806 (27.2) | 4,013 (28.4) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.0098 | |
Variables with P-Value ≥ 0.1: Demographic Information (Race); Elixhauser Comorbidity Index (Congestive heart failure, Paralysis, Chronic pulmonary disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Depression); Other Comorbidities (Aspiration Pneumonia, Cardiovascular Disease, Constipation, Delirium, Dysphagia, Falls, Skin Ulcer, Syncope, Traumatic Brain Injury, Weakness), Medications (Benzodiazepine, Stimulant Medication), Variables Associated with Cognitive Impairment (Mild cognitive impairment, Memory Loss / Drug-Induced Cognitive Conditions), Provider Types (Geriatrics), Hospitalizations (Hospitalized during Baseline Period)
2007–2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates – Median Household Income in the Past 12 Month (in 2011 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars)
Composite of diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment diagnosis, or dementia diagnosis, treatment with an antidementia medication, or memory loss / drug-induced cognitive conditions (Appendix 1)
IQR = Interquartile Range