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. 2018 Apr 17;9:1507. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-03945-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — El Niño durations and their impacts on the tropical cyclone rapid intensification. The time series of monthly mean Niño-3.4 indices based on ERSST reanalysis dataset from January of the El Niño developing year to December of the decaying year for a short duration (SD) El Niño events and b long duration (LD) El Niño events. El Niño developing and decaying years are denoted by year(0) and year(1), respectively. The composite tropical cyclone (TC) rapid intensification (RI) occurrence positions from JTWC best-track dataset for c SD and d LD El Niño events are shown as blue circles. The triangles in c, d indicate the mean RI occurrence position for neutral years. The crosses in c, d indicate the mean RI occurrence positions for SD and LD El Niño events, respectively. The composite RI TC genesis positions for e SD and f LD El Niño events are shown as colored dots. The red (blue) dots indicate the RI occurrence time is within (beyond) 3 days of TC genesis. The circles in e, f indicate the mean RI TC genesis position for neutral years. The x-marks in e, f indicate the mean RI TC genesis position for SD and LD El Niño events, respectively. The dashed lines in c–f indicate the 140°E longitude