Table 3.
Determinants of out-of-pocket payments for hospitalisation as a share of household consumption expenditure for the older population in India, NSS 1995–96, NSS 2004 and NSS 2014.
| Background variables | Average partial effects (95% CI) |
βNSS 2014 - βNSS 1995–96 | p-Value for Wald test (βNSS 2014 - βNSS 1995–96) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NSS 1995–96 | NSS 2004 | NSS 2014 | |||
| MPCE quintile (ref. = Richest) | |||||
| Poorest | −0.052 (−0.083,−0.020) | 0.122 (0.086,0.159) | 0.122 (0.071,0.173) | 1.322 | <0.001 |
| Poor | −0.073 (−0.092,−0.055) | 0.075 (0.046,0.103) | 0.013 (−0.033,0.058) | 0.973 | <0.001 |
| Middle | −0.014 (−0.068,0.040) | 0.038 (0.015,0.061) | 0.029 (−0.009,0.066) | 0.337 | 0.261 |
| Rich | −0.034 (−0.054,−0.014) | 0.019 (−0.001,0.039) | 0.007 (−0.027,0.041) | 0.385 | 0.018 |
| Age (years) | −0.001 (−0.002,0.001) | −0.001 (−0.002,0.000) | −0.001 (−0.003,0.000) | −0.002 | 0.821 |
| Gender (ref. = Male) | |||||
| Female | −0.031 (−0.055,−0.007) | −0.011 (−0.030,0.009) | −0.032 (−0.053,−0.012) | 0.107 | 0.459 |
| Marital status (ref. = Married) | |||||
| Single | −0.005 (−0.024,0.014) | −0.011 (−0.031,0.008) | 0.004 (−0.022,0.031) | 0.084 | 0.543 |
| Social group (ref. = Non-SC/STs) | |||||
| SC/STs | 0.003 (−0.024,0.030) | −0.033 (−0.053,−0.013) | −0.032 (−0.051,−0.012) | −0.258 | 0.102 |
| Education (ref. = Literate) | |||||
| Illiterate | 0.007 (−0.022,0.035) | −0.031 (−0.050,−0.012) | −0.016 (−0.037,0.005) | −0.178 | 0.285 |
| Place of residence (ref. = Urban) | |||||
| Rural | 0.018 (0.003,0.033) | 0.006 (−0.013,0.024) | −0.013 (−0.038,0.012) | −0.283 | 0.018 |
| State group (ref. = More developed states) | |||||
| Less developed states | 0.007 (−0.015,0.028) | 0.033 (0.016,0.050) | 0.069 (0.033,0.105) | 0.389 | 0.014 |
| Whether hospitalised more than once (ref. = No) | |||||
| Yes | 0.032 (0.000,0.064) | 0.027 (0.000,0.055) | 0.033 (0.004,0.061) | −0.088 | 0.618 |
| Duration of stay in hospital (days) | 0.000 (0.000,0.001) | 0.005 (0.004,0.006) | 0.006 (0.005,0.007) | 0.040 | <0.001 |
| Whether hospitalised for NCDs (ref. = No) | |||||
| Yes | 0.028 (0.007,0.049) | 0.038 (0.021,0.055) | 0.074 (0.055,0.094) | 0.267 | 0.048 |
| Whether hospitalised in private hospital (ref. = No) | |||||
| Yes | 0.070 (0.050,0.089) | 0.141 (0.126,0.155) | 0.180 (0.157,0.202) | 0.656 | <0.001 |
| N | 3,139 | 4,913 | 7,062 | ||
OOPP: Out-of-pocket payments; NSS: National Sample Survey; CI: Confidence interval; MPCE: Monthly per capita consumption expenditure; SC/STs: Schedules castes and scheduled tribes; NCDs: Non-communicable diseases and injuries.