Table 3.

Serum cytokines and endothelial damage markers in the different study groups

Serum cytokine (pg/ml) (mean ± s.e.m.)	Healthy controls (n = 6)	Remission SLE (n = 6)	Active SLE (n = 6)	PRES/SLE (n = 14)
IL‐2	0·07 ± 0·04	0·08 ± 0·05	0·35 ± 0·27	0·43 ± 0·31
IL‐4	0·17 ± 0·15	0·23 ± 0·11	0·32 ± 0·27	0·36 ± 0·27
TNF‐α	0·45 ± 0·37	n.d.	0·32 ± 0·32	0·35 ± 0·32
IFN‐γ	0·08 ± 0·08	0·16 ± 0·15	n.d.	0·26 ± 0·15
VEGF	653 ± 275	153 ± 62	223 ± 116	173 ± 66
Soluble CD40L	3923 ± 1200	2724 ± 1296	1445 ± 1252	2620 ± 773

IL = interleukin; IFN = interferon; PRES = posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome; s.e.m. = standard error of the mean; SLE = systemic lupus erythematosus; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; n.d. = not detected; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor.