Table 1.
Participant Characteristics by Group and Sex
| ODF (n = 29) | ODM (n = 29) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 14) | Female (n = 15) | Male (n = 13) | Female (n = 16) | P a | |
| Diabetic parent characteristics | |||||
| Current age, mean (SD), y | 57.0 (6.2) | 57.7 (7.4) | 53.1 (6.1) | 55.2 (7.2) | 0.083 |
| Age at diabetes onset, mean (SD), y | 16.7 (8.5) | 19.3 (8.6) | 16.7 (8.7) | 14.4 (7.4) | 0.26 |
| Age at offspring birth, mean (SD), y | 30.4 (5.7) | 31.8 (3.7) | 27.5 (3.4) | 28.2 (4.1) | 0.006 |
| Current body-mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 26.6 (4.5) | 24.2 (2.8) | 24.7 (5.1) | 25.8 (3.1) | 0.90 |
| Nephropathy, no. (%) | 3 (21) | 3 (21) | 1 (8) | 3 (20) | 0.51 |
| Retinopathy, no. (%) | 13 (93) | 12 (80) | 9 (69) | 11 (73) | 0.18 |
| Macroangiopathy, no. (%) | 6 (43) | 0 (0) | 3 (23) | 2 (14) | 0.83 |
| Birth data | |||||
| Preterm delivery, no. (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (50) | 4 (25) | 0.001b |
| Birthweight, mean (SD), g | 3568 (523) | 3249 (408) | 3253 (848) | 3306 (490) | 0.56 |
| Offspring clinical characteristics | |||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 26.6 (5.3) | 25.9 (6.9) | 25.4 (6.1) | 26.2 (6.6) | 0.82 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD), kg/m2 | 23.0 (2.5) | 22.4 (3.1) | 23.4 (3.6) | 22.9 (3.0) | 0.57 |
| SBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 125 (11) | 117 (16) | 126 (14) | 120 (14) | 0.56 |
| DBP, mean (SD), mm Hg | 67 (9) | 66 (11) | 72 (7) | 66 (10) | 0.39 |
| Body fat, mean (SD), % | 19.0 (6.1) | 29.6 (5.6) | 19.5 (5.9) | 31.8 (6.3) | 0.41 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD) cm | 84.1 (7.5) | 77.2 (7.8) | 82.4 (11.1) | 74.4 (6.0) | 0.35 |
| Offspring biological characteristics | |||||
| Serum creatinine, mean (SD), µmol/L | 81 (12) | 68 (9) | 87 (8) | 64 (7) | 0.71 |
| Uricemia, mean (SD), µmol/L | 343 (74) | 248 (70) | 342 (50) | 238 (50) | 0.71 |
| Total cholesterol, mean (SD), mmol/L | 4.4 (1.0) | 4.6 (0.8) | 5.4 (1.2) | 4.6 (0.7) | 0.097 |
| Triglycerides, mean (SD), mmol/L | 0.87 (0.40) | 1.05 (0.44) | 1.12 (0.44) | 0.86 (0.30) | 0.88 |
| LDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.1) | 2.8 (2.3 to 3.2) | 3.4 (2.7 to 4.4) | 2.5 (2.1 to 3.0) | 0.14 |
| HDL, median (IQR), mmol/L | 1.4 (1.3 to 1.6) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.9) | 1.5 (1.3 to 1.7) | 1.6 (1.5 to 1.7) | 0.15 |
Abbreviations: DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.
a
P value for group effect adjusted for sex.
b
Adjusted for sex and M value.