Figure 2.

A schematic diagram demonstrating the mediators involved in hyperglycaemia‐induced oxidative stress leading to the progression of diabetic nephropathy. In the kidney, oxidative stress leads to the upregulation of NADPH oxidase (NOX4/NOX5), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP‐1), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). In red are the inhibitors (GKT137831), Spiegelmer emapticap pegol (NOX‐E36) and vitamin E, whereas in green are antioxidant activators (digitoflavone, minocycline, bardoxolone methyl, dh404, selenium and ebselen) that have shown protective effects in diabetic nephropathy.