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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurotoxicology. 2017 Nov 26;65:280–288. doi: 10.1016/j.neuro.2017.11.008

Fig. 8.

Fig. 8

Schematic diagram of the proposed mechanism of neuroprotective effects of E2/TX against Mn-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in the mouse brain. E2 and TX increase expression of astrocytic glutamate transporters GLT-1/GLAST, and reverse Mn-reduced GLT-1/GLAST. E2/TX also attenuate Mn-induced oxidative stress by reversing Mn-reduced CAT protein levels, CAT activity and GSH levels, as well as reversing Mn-induced lipid peroxidation. These events may lead to impairment of GLT-1/GLAST as well as apoptosis, which might be directly associated with dopaminergic cell death and impairment of motor function. ↓↑ Mn effects, ↓⊥ E2/TX effects.