Table 2.

Included and excluded observations: mean differences in select covariates

Covariates	Excluded N = 9,933	Included N = 3,448	p-value
Cognitive ability, age 7	−0.05 (1.23)	0.12 (1.12)	<0.001
Non-cognitive ability, age 11	8.9 (9.14)	7.2 (8.08)	<0.001
Parents say pupil unhappy at primary school, age 7	6%	6%	0.40
Parents want pupil to stay in school	73%	77%	<0.001
Male	52%	49%	<0.001
No. of acute illnesses child suffered up until age 7
0	19%	18%
1	30%	28%
> 1	51%	53%	0.12
No. of times child was hospitalized up until age 7
0	72%	70%
1	22%	24%
> 1	6%	6%	0.09
Height at age 7 (in cm)
Epilepsy in family, until age 7	6.9%	7.3%	0.37
Presence of chronic illnesses in the family	2.2%	2.5%	0.25
Father SES
Low	24%	19%
Middle	52%	53%
High	26%	28%	0.001
Financial hardship episode (un till child age 7)	8.2%	6.6%	0.008
% of population unemployed or disabled	5.1%	4.5%	<0.001
% of women in formal employment	41.3%	41.1%	0.80
% of population in employed in mining and manufacturing	37.2%	37.4%	0.66
% of population in employed in agriculture	2.4%	2.7%	0.26
% of population in professional / managerial jobs	11.8%	12.5%	0.02
% of population in unskilled workers	7.6%	6.8%	<0.001
% of population who is home owner	42.7%	48.5%	<0.001
% of population who is immigrant	1.6%	1.4%	0.05